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INDEX
Sources/Nature of the Constitution.....................................................................................................1-4
CONSTITUTION ACT 1867..................................................................................................................... 1
CONSTITUTION ACT 1982.....................................................................................................................1
CONSTUTION OF CANADA....................................................................................................................1
s.52(1) ..................................................................................................................................................1
s.52(3) ..................................................................................................................................................1
PARLIAMENTARY PRIVILEGE.................................................................................................................1
New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v Nova Scotia (1993)........................................................................2
Canada v Vaid (2005)............................................................................................................................2
CASE LAW (Judicial activism).................................................................................................................2
Reference re Secession of Quebec (1998)..............................................................................................2
PREROGATIVE.......................................................................................................................................2
CONVENTIONS.......................................................................................................................................3
Definition of Conventions......................................................................................................................3
Examples of conventions........................................................................................................................3
Conventions in the courts.......................................................................................................................3
Patriation Reference (1981)....................................................................................................................3
Quebec Veto Reference (1982)................................................................................................................3
Convention and Usage.............................................................................................................................4
Convention and Agreement.....................................................................................................................4
Convention and Law.................................................................................................................................4
Convention and Policy .............................................................................................................................4
Alta [2000] ...............................................................................................................................................4.
Catholic School Teachers’ Ass. [2001].......................................................................................................4
Procedures for Amending the Constitution ss. 38 to 45....................................................................5-8
HISTORY OF AMENDMENT .........................................................................................................................5
PART V OF THE CONSTITUTION ACT, 1982..................................................................................................5
Summary of Part V.......................................................................................................................................5
s.52(1) .........................................................................................................................................................5
Charter of Rights .........................................................................................................................................5
GENERAL AMENDING PROCEDURE..............................................................................................................5
Section 38(1) ................................................................................................................................................5
Proclamation ...............................................................................................................................................6
Opting Out ...................................................................................................................................................6
Compensation for opting out (s.40)..............................................................................................................6
Revocation of Assent or Dissent ...................................................................................................................6
Section 42......................................................................................................................................................6
“Regional veto” statute.................................................................................................................................7
Criticism of amending procedures.................................................................................................................7
UNANIMITY PROCEDURE (s.41).....................................................................................................................7
SOME-BUT-NOT-ALL-PROVINCES PROCEDURE (s.43)....................................................................................7
FEDERAL PARLIAMENT ALONE (s.44).............................................................................................................7
PROVINCIAL LEGISLATURE ALONE (s.45).......................................................................................................7
FUTURE AMENDMENTS.................................................................................................................................7
Forces of Change...........................................................................................................................................8
Division of Powers .........................................................................................................................................8
Central Institutions.........................................................................................................................................8
Criticism of Amending Procedures ......................................................................................................................8
Federalism/Judicial Review.......................................................................................................................9-13
DISTRIBUTION OF GOVERNMENTAL POWER.........................................................................................................9
Federalism ............................................................................................................................................................9
Reasons for federalism..........................................................................................................................................9
Subsidiary ..............................................................................................................................................................9
REASONS FOR FEDERALISM .................................................................................................................................10
FEDERALISM IN CANADA .....................................................................................................................................10
Early federal dominance (quasi-federal system)..................................................................................................10
Disallowance (s.90)...............................................................................................................................................10
Appointment of Lieutenant Governors................................................................................................................10
Appointment of judges.........................................................................................................................................11
Declaratory power s.92(10)(c)..............................................................................................................................11
SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION ...................................................................................................................11
ROLE OF THE COURTS ..........................................................................................................................................11
Development of judicial review............................................................................................................................11
Section 52(1) ........................................................................................................................................................11
SECESSION ............................................................................................................................................................11
The Power to Secede............................................................................................................................................11
History..................................................................................................................................................................12
Secession Reference (1998) - ...............................................................................................................................12.
Clarity Act .............................................................................................................................................................12
Secession by amendment.....................................................................................................................................12
Secession by unilateral act....................................................................................................................................13
Principles of Interpretation/JR on Federal Grounds.................................................................................14-39
SCOPE...................................................................................................................................................................14
PRIORITY BETWEEN FEDERAL AND CHARTER GROUNDS.....................................................................................14
S.32(1) Charter ...................................................................................................................................................14
S.33 of Charter ...................................................................................................................................................15
PROCEDURE OF JUDICIAL REVIEW......................................................................................................................16
REASONING OF JUDICIAL REVIEW.......................................................................................................................16
CHARACTERIZATION OF LAWS............................................................................................................................16
Russell case (1883)..............................................................................................................................................16
Pith and Substance Doctrine ..............................................................................................................................17
Matter.................................................................................................................................................................17
Singling Out.........................................................................................................................................................18
Double Aspect Doctrine .....................................................................................................................................19
Purpose ...............................................................................................................................................................20
Alberta Bank v Taxation Reference (1938) .........................................................................................................20
R v Big M Drug Mart (1985) ................................................................................................................................21
R v Edwards Books and Art (1986) ......................................................................................................................21
Ward v Canada (2002) ........................................................................................................................................21
How to determine the “purpose” of a statute.....................................................................................................21
Effect....................................................................................................................................................................21
Texada Mines (1960) ...........................................................................................................................................22
Central Canada Potash (1978) .............................................................................................................................22
Saumur v Quebec (1953)......................................................................................................................................22
Efficacy ...............................................................................................................................................................22
Re Firearms Act (2000).....................................................................................................................................22
Ward v Canada (2002) ....................................................................................................................................23
Colourability Doctrine......................................................................................................................................23
Alberta Bank Taxation Reference ....................................................................................................................23
Reciprocal Insurers (1924) ...............................................................................................................................23
Re Upper Churchill Water Rights (1984)...........................................................................................................23
R v Morgentaler (No.3) (1993)..........................................................................................................................23
Criteria of Choice .............................................................................................................................................24
Presumption of Constitutionality ....................................................................................................................25
SEVERANCE.......................................................................................................................................................25
Severance clause ..............................................................................................................................................26
Severance in Charter cases................................................................................................................................26
READING DOWN DOCTRINE..............................................................................................................................26
INTERJURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITY....................................................................................................................27
Definition of INTERJURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITY...............................................................................................27
Federally-incorporated companies...................................................................................................................28
Federally-incorporated undertakings................................................................................................................28
“sterilizing/paralyzing” test:..............................................................................................................................28
“Vital part” #1...................................................................................................................................................28
Quebec Minimum Wage case (1966) a.k.a. Bell 1966 case................................................................................28
Bell 1988............................................................................................................................................................28
Irwin Toy v Quebec (1989) ................................................................................................................................29
“Vital part” #2...................................................................................................................................................29
Ontario v Canadian Pacific [1995]....................................................................................................................29
Reassessment of the “vital part” test...............................................................................................................29
Canadian Western Bank v Alberta [2001]........................................................................................................29
“Vital part” #3..................................................................................................................................................30
British Columbia v Lafarge Canada (2007)......................................................................................................30
Air Canada v Ontario (1997)............................................................................................................................30
Other federal matters......................................................................................................................................30
Rationale of INTERJURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITY ..............................................................................................31
INTERJURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITY vs PITH AND SUBSTANCE..........................................................................31
Provincial Subjects ..........................................................................................................................................32
INTERPRETATION OF CONSTITUTION .............................................................................................................33
Relevance ........................................................................................................................................................33
Exclusiveness ...................................................................................................................................................33
Ancillary Power................................................................................................................................................33
RATIONAL CONNECTION TEST .........................................................................................................................33
Papp v Papp [1970] ..........................................................................................................................................33
R v Zelensky [1978] ..........................................................................................................................................34
Multiple Access v McCutcheon [1980] .............................................................................................................34
R v Thomas Fuller Construction [1979] –..........................................................................................................34
Regional Municipality of Peel v MacKenzie [1982] ..........................................................................................34
General Motors v City National Leasing [1989] as ..........................................................................................34
Concurrency ....................................................................................................................................................35
Exhaustiveness ................................................................................................................................................36
Saumur v Quebec [1953] .................................................................................................................................36
Anti-Inflation Reference [1976]........................................................................................................................36
Progressive Interpretation................................................................................................................................37
DOCTRINE OF PROGRESSIVE INTERPRETATION ...............................................................................................37
Labour Conventions case (1937).....................................................................................................................37
ORIGINALISM..................................................................................................................................................37
Same-Sex Marriage Reference (2004)............................................................................................................37
Re Employment Insurance Act [2005] ...........................................................................................................38
Unwritten Constitutional Principles ...............................................................................................................38
Manitoba Language Reference (1985) ...........................................................................................................38
Re Remuneration of Judges (1997).................................................................................................................39
Secession Reference (1998)............................................................................................................................39
Babcock v Canada (2002)...............................................................................................................................39
British Columbia v Imperial Tobacco [2005] .................................................................................................39
Paramountcy....................................................................................................................................40-47
Test of federal paramountcy ........................................................................................................................41
EXPRESS CONTRADICTION.............................................................................................................................41
Impossibility of Dual Compliance...................................................................................................................41
Multiple Access v McCutcheon (1982)...........................................................................................................41
Gillespie v Gillespie (1973) ............................................................................................................................41
M & D Farm (1999) .......................................................................................................................................41
British Columbia v Lafarge Canada (2007)....................................................................................................41
Frustration of Federal Purpose .....................................................................................................................42
Bank of Montreal v Hall (1990) .....................................................................................................................42
Law Society of B.C. v Mangat (2001).............................................................................................................42
Smith v The Queen (1960)..............................................................................................................................43
Rothmans, Benson & Hedges v Saskatchewan [2005] ..................................................................................43
NEGATIVE IMPLICATION ...............................................................................................................................43
Covering the Field .........................................................................................................................................43
Local Prohibition case [1896].........................................................................................................................43.
O’Grady v Sparling [1960]..............................................................................................................................44
Stephens v The Queen [1960] ........................................................................................................................44
Mann v The Queen [1966] .............................................................................................................................44
Ross v Registrar of Motar Vihicles [1973] .....................................................................................................44
Bell v A-G P.E.I [1973].....................................................................................................................................44
Provincial Secretary of P.E.I v ELGAN [1941]..................................................................................................44
Robinson v Countrywide Factories [1977] .....................................................................................................44.
Construction Montcalm v Minimum Wage Commission [1978] ....................................................................45
Schneider v The Queen [1982] .......................................................................................................................45
Multiple Access v McCutcheon [1982] ...........................................................................................................45
Rio Hotel v New Brunswick [1987] .................................................................................................................45
Irwin Toy v Quebec [1989] .............................................................................................................................45
Clarke v Clarke [1990] ....................................................................................................................................45
114957 Canada v Hudson [2001] ...................................................................................................................45
Canadian Western Bank v Alberta [2007] ......................................................................................................45
Express Extension of PARAMOUNTCY.............................................................................................................45
Dick v The Queen [1985]..................................................................................................................................45
OVERLAP AND DUPLICATION...........................................................................................................................46
Constitutional Significance ..............................................................................................................................46
Double Criminal Liability .................................................................................................................................46
Double Civil Liability ........................................................................................................................................46
EFFECT OF INCONSISTENCY .............................................................................................................................47
Property and Civil Rights s.92(13)...............................................................................................................48-60
s.92(13)....................................................................................................................................................................48
IMPORTANCE OF PROPERTY AND CIVIL RIGHTS......................................................................................................48
HISTORY OF PROPERTY AND CIVIL RIGHTS...............................................................................................................48
CIVIL LIBERTIES .........................................................................................................................................................48
LOCAL OR PRIVATE MATTERS....................................................................................................................................49
s.92(16) .....................................................................................................................................................................49
INSURANCE................................................................................................................................................................49
Reasons for Regulating ..............................................................................................................................................49
Provincial power.........................................................................................................................................................49
Citizens’ Insurance Co v Parsons (1881)......................................................................................................................49.
Insurance Reference (1916) .......................................................................................................................................50
A-G Ont. V Reciprocal Insurers (1924)........................................................................................................................50
Re Insurance Act of Can [1932]...................................................................................................................................50
Re s.16 of Special War Revenue Act [1942]................................................................................................................50
Unemployment Insurance Reference (1937)..............................................................................................................50
Federal power............................................................................................................................................................51
Wentworth Insurance case [1969].............................................................................................................................51
BUSINESS IN GENERAL...............................................................................................................................................51
PROFESSIONS AND TRADES........................................................................................................................................51
Krieger v Law Society of Alberta (2002).....................................................................................................................51
LABOUR RELATIONS (industrial disputes, working hours, wages, etc.)......................................................................52
Provincial power.........................................................................................................................................................52
Toronto Electric Commissioners v Snider (1925) ........................................................................................................52
Labour Conventions case (1937).................................................................................................................................52
Empress Hotel case (1950)..........................................................................................................................................52
Unemployment Insurance Reference [1937]..............................................................................................................52
Federal power ............................................................................................................................................................53
Stevedores Reference (1955)......................................................................................................................................53
Commission du Salaire Minimum v Bell Telephone Co. [1966] .................................................................................54
Bell Canada v Quebec (1988).....................................................................................................................................54
Anti-Inflation Reference (1976) ................................................................................................................................54
MARKETING (and INCIDENTAL EFFECTS)..................................................................................................................55
Reasons for Regulation.............................................................................................................................................55
Federal Power..........................................................................................................................................................55
Provincial Power.......................................................................................................................................................55
Shannon v Lower Mainland Dairy Products Board (1938)........................................................................................56
Home Oil Distributors v A-G B.C [1940] ...................................................................................................................56
Carnation Co. V Quebec Agricultural Marketing Board (1968).................................................................................56
Manitoba Egg Reference (1971)...............................................................................................................................56
Re Agricultural Products Marketing Act (1978)........................................................................................................57
Central Canada Potash v Government of Saskatchewan (1978) .............................................................................57
SECURITIES REGULATION.........................................................................................................................................58
Provincial power......................................................................................................................................................58
Federal power..........................................................................................................................................................58
PROPERTY................................................................................................................................................................58
General ....................................................................................................................................................................59
Switzman v Elbling (1957)........................................................................................................................................59
Bedard v Dawson (1923)..........................................................................................................................................59
Foreign ownership...................................................................................................................................................59
Morgan v A-G PEI (1975)............................................................................................................................59
Heritage property.......................................................................................................................................60
Kitkatla Band v BC (2002)...........................................................................................................................60
DEBT ADJUSTMENT ....................................................................................................................................60
CONSUMER PROTECTION...........................................................................................................................60
EXTRATERRITORIAL COMPETENCE ............................................................................................................60
Trade and Commerce s.91(2)......................................................................................................61-66
RELATIONSHIP TO PROPERTY AND CIVIL RIGHTS.....................................................................................61
s.91(2)......................................................................................................................................................61
s.92(13)....................................................................................................................................................61
Citizens’ Insurance Co. v Parsons (1881) .................................................................................................61
INTERPROVINCIAL OR INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND COMMERCE..........................................................61.
In the Privy Council .................................................................................................................................61
Board of Commerce case [1922] ............................................................................................................62
P.A.T.A. case [1931] ...............................................................................................................................62
Margarine Reference (1951)..................................................................................................................62
R V Klassen [1959] .................................................................................................................................62
Caloil v A-G Can [1971] ..........................................................................................................................63
R v Dominion Stores Ltd. (1979).............................................................................................................63
Labatt Breweries (1980).........................................................................................................................63
GENERAL TRADE AND COMMERCE........................................................................................................64
Canada Standard Trade Mark case [1937] ............................................................................................64
R v Dominion Stores Ltd. (1979).............................................................................................................64
Labatt Breweries (1980) ........................................................................................................................64
MacDonald v Vapor Canada (1976) ......................................................................................................65
General Motors v City National Leasing [1989]. ....................................................................................65
Kirkbi v Ritvik Holdings (2005) ...............................................................................................................66
SPECIFIC TOPICS.....................................................................................................................................66
Peace, Order, and Good Government: POGG s.91 (opening words) ...........................................67-75
RESIDUARY NATURE OF POWER............................................................................................................67
The opening words of s.91.....................................................................................................................67
s.92(13) ..................................................................................................................................................67
s.92(16)...................................................................................................................................................67
POGG power has three branches: .........................................................................................................68
THE “GAP” BRANCH................................................................................................................................68
Jones v New Brunswick (AG) (1975) .......................................................................................................68
Re Offshore Mineral Rights of BC (1967) AND Re Nfld. Continental Shelf (1984)...................................68
THE “NATIONAL CONCERN” BRANCH.....................................................................................................68
History of national concern branch........................................................................................................68
Russell v The Queen (1882).....................................................................................................................69
Local Prohibition case (1896) .................................................................................................................69
AG Ont. V Canada Temperance Federation (1946) ................................................................................69
Munro v National Capital Commission (1966) .......................................................................................70
R v Crown Zellerbach (1988)...................................................................................................................70
Ontario Hydro v Ontario (1993)..............................................................................................................70
Definition of national concern................................................................................................................70
Provincial Inability test............................................................................................................................71
R v Crown Zellerbach (1988) ...................................................................................................................71
DISTINCNESS ............................................................................................................................................71.
Anti-Inflation Reference [1976] ................................................................................................................71
NEWNESS..................................................................................................................................................72
The Queen v Hauser (1979) ......................................................................................................................72
R v Malmo-Levine (2003) ..........................................................................................................................72
THE “EMERGENCY” BRANCH.....................................................................................................................72
The non-emergency cases.........................................................................................................................72
Insurance Reference..................................................................................................................................72
Board of Commerce case [1922] ..............................................................................................................72
Toronto Electric Commissioners v Snider [1925] ......................................................................................72
War...........................................................................................................................................................73
Fort Frances case (1923) ..........................................................................................................................73
Japanese Canadian Reference (1947) ......................................................................................................73
Wartime Leasehold Regulations Reference (1950) ..................................................................................73
Apprehended insurrection........................................................................................................................73
Inflation.....................................................................................................................................................73
Anti-Inflation Reference (1976) ................................................................................................................73
Temporary character of law......................................................................................................................74
Unemployment Insurance Reference (1937) ............................................................................................74
Board of Commerce case [1922] ..............................................................................................................74
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATIONAL CONCERN AND EMERGENCY .........................................................74
The DUAL FUNCTION theory.....................................................................................................................75
Criminal Law s.91(27)....................................................................................................................76-87
DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS........................................................................................................................76
s.91(27).......................................................................................................................................................76
s.92(14).......................................................................................................................................76
s.91(28).......................................................................................................................................................76
s.92(6).........................................................................................................................................................76
s.92(15) ......................................................................................................................................................76
DEFINITION OF CRIMINAL LAW .................................................................................................................77
Board of Commerce case ...........................................................................................................................77
P.A.T.A. case (1931) ...................................................................................................................................77
Margarine Reference (1951)......................................................................................................................77
Boggs v The Queen (1981).........................................................................................................................78
Ward v Canada (2002)...............................................................................................................................78
R v Malmo-Levine (2003) ..........................................................................................................................78..
FOOD AND DRUGS.....................................................................................................................................78
Food and Drug Standards..........................................................................................................................78
R v Wetmore (1983)...................................................................................................................................79
Margarine Reference (1951) .....................................................................................................................79
Labatt Breweries (1979)............................................................................................................................79.
Illicit Drugs ................................................................................................................................................79
Schneider v The Queen (1982) ..................................................................................................................79
Tobacco .....................................................................................................................................................80
RJR-MacDonald v Canada (1995)...............................................................................................................80
Can v JTI-Macdonald Crop (2007) ..............................................................................................................80
HEALTH.......................................................................................................................................................80
s.91(27) ......................................................................................................................................................80
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.................................................................................................................81
R v Hydro-Quebec (1997) .........................................................................................................................81
ABORTION.................................................................................................................................................81
Morgentaler v The Queen (1975) .............................................................................................................81
COMPETITION LAW ..................................................................................................................................81
General Motors v City National Leasing [1989] .......................................................................................82
SUNDAY OBSERVANCE LAW.....................................................................................................................82
Federal power...........................................................................................................................................82
A-G Ont v Hamilton Street Railway [1903] ...............................................................................................82
Henry Brinks [1955]...................................................................................................................................82
R v Big M Drug Mart (1985).......................................................................................................................82
Provincial power........................................................................................................................................83
Lieberman v The Queen (1963) .................................................................................................................83
R v Edwards Books and Art (1986) ............................................................................................................83
GUN CONTROL...........................................................................................................................................83
Re Firearms Act (2000) ..............................................................................................................................83
PREVENTION OF CRIME .............................................................................................................................84
Prevention in general ................................................................................................................................84
Young Offenders........................................................................................................................................84
CRIMINAL LAW AND CIVIL REMEDY ..........................................................................................................84
Federal Power Generally to Create Civil Remedies....................................................................................84
MacDonald v Vapor Canada [1976] ..........................................................................................................84
Papp v Papp [1969].....................................................................................................................................84
Criminal Law Power to Create Civil Remedies ...........................................................................................85
R v Zelensky [1978] ....................................................................................................................................85
CRIMINAL LAW AND REGULATORY AUTHORITY ........................................................................................85
Nova Scotia Board of Censors v McNeil (1978) ..........................................................................................85
R v Furtney [1991] ......................................................................................................................................86
R v Hydro-Quebec (1997)............................................................................................................................86
Re Firearms Act (2000) ...............................................................................................................................86
PROVINCIAL POWER TO ENACT PENAL LAWS ............................................................................................87
Bedard v Dawson (1923).............................................................................................................................87
Westendorp v The Queen (1983) ...............................................................................................................87
Language Rights ss.16 to 22..........................................................................................................88-97
DISTRIBUTION OF POWER OVER LANGUAGE ............................................................................................88
Jones v AG of New Brunswick (1974)..........................................................................................................88
Devine v Quebec (1988)..............................................................................................................................88
LANGUAGE OF CONSTIUTION ....................................................................................................................88
LANGUAGE OF STATUTES...........................................................................................................................88
Constitutional Requirements .....................................................................................................................88
s.133, Constitution Act 1867 .....................................................................................................................88.
Quebec’s Charter of the French Language.................................................................................................89
AG of Quebec v Blaikie (1979)....................................................................................................................89
Manitoba’s Official Language Act...............................................................................................................89
Re Manitoba Language Rights (1985) ........................................................................................................89
Incorporation by reference.........................................................................................................................89
AG of Quebec v Collier (1985)......................................................................................................................89
Delegated legislation...................................................................................................................................90
Blaikie (no.2) (1981) ....................................................................................................................................90
Re Manitoba Language Rights Order No.3)[1992] ......................................................................................90
LANGUAGE OF COURTS .......................................................................................................................91
Definition of Courts .............................................................................................................................91
Language of Process.............................................................................................................................91
MacDonald v City of Montreal (1986)..................................................................................................91
Language of Proceedings.....................................................................................................................91
Societe des Adadiens v Association of Parents (1986)..........................................................................91
Right to Interpreter.............................................................................................................................91
s.14 of Charter ....................................................................................................................................91
R v Tran (1994) ....................................................................................................................................91
LANGUAGE OF GOVERNMENT ............................................................................................................92
Section 16 of Charter...........................................................................................................................92
Section 20 of Charter ..........................................................................................................................92
DesRochers v Canada [2009] ..............................................................................................................92
LANGUAGE OF COMMERCE ................................................................................................................93
Ford v Quebec (1988)..........................................................................................................................93
Devine v Quebec (1988) ......................................................................................................................93
LANGUAGE OF EDUCATION.................................................................................................................93
Section 93 of Constitution Act, 1867...................................................................................................93
Mackell case........................................................................................................................................93
Ottawa Roman Catholic Separate School Trustees v Mackell [1916]..................................................93
Section 23 of Charter ..........................................................................................................................94
Mother Tongue of Parent ...................................................................................................................94
s.23(1)(a) .............................................................................................................................................94
Language of Instruction of Parent in Canada ......................................................................................94
s.23(1)(b) .............................................................................................................................................94
A-G of Quebec v Quebec Protestant School Boards [1984]..................................................................94
Language of Instruction of Child in Canada .........................................................................................94
s.23(2) ..................................................................................................................................................95
Solski v Quebec [2005]..........................................................................................................................95
Where numbers warrant .....................................................................................................................95
Mahe v Alberta [1990] ........................................................................................................................95
Re Public Schools Act (Man) [1999] .....................................................................................................95
Arsenault-Cameron v Price Edward Island [2000] ..............................................................................95
Denominational Schools......................................................................................................................95
Supervision of Remedial Orders .........................................................................................................95
s.24(1)..................................................................................................................................................95
Doucet-Boudreau v Nova Scotia [2003] ..............................................................................................95
Aboriginal Peoples and Treaty Rights s.91(2), s.25, s.35.......................................................97-107
FEDERAL LEGISLATIVE POWER ...........................................................................................................97
Section 91(24) ....................................................................................................................................97
Indians................................................................................................................................................97
s.25.....................................................................................................................................................97
s.35.....................................................................................................................................................97
Lands Reserved for Indians ...............................................................................................................98
Canadian Bill of Rights.......................................................................................................................98
R v Drybones (1969) ..........................................................................................................................98
Charter of Rights................................................................................................................................98
R v Corbiere (1999).............................................................................................................................98
Treaties ..............................................................................................................................................98
PROVINCIAL LEGISLATIVE POWER ............................................................................................98
Application of provincial laws...................................................................................................98
R v Hill (1907) ...........................................................................................................................98
R v Francis (1988) .....................................................................................................................98
Singling out...............................................................................................................................99
Indianess..................................................................................................................................99
Paul v BC (2003)........................................................................................................................99
Paramountcy.............................................................................................................................99
Natural Resources Agreements................................................................................................99
s.35...........................................................................................................................................99
SECTION 88 OF INDIAN ACT .....................................................................................................99
Text of s.88...............................................................................................................................99
Dick v The Queen [1985]..........................................................................................................99
Laws of General Application....................................................................................................100
Paramountcy Exception ...........................................................................................................100
Treaty Exception .....................................................................................................................100
NATURAL RESOURCES AGREEMENTS ......................................................................................100
ABORIGINAL RIGHTS ...............................................................................................................100
Recognition of aboriginal rights...............................................................................................100
Guerin v The Queen [1984] ......................................................................................................100
R v Sparrow [1990]...................................................................................................................100
Definition of aboriginal rights...................................................................................................101
R v Gladstone (1996) ...............................................................................................................101
Mitchell v Minister of National Revenue (2001) ......................................................................101
R v Sappier (2006) ...................................................................................................................101
R v Powley (2003) ...................................................................................................................101
Aboriginal self-government.....................................................................................................101
R v Pamajewon (1996).............................................................................................................101
Aboriginal Title ........................................................................................................................102
Delgamuuk v British Columbia [1997] ......................................................................................102
Extinguishment of Aboriginal Rights ........................................................................................102
TREATY RIGHTS ........................................................................................................................102
Definition of treaty...................................................................................................................102
Simon v The Queen (1985) .......................................................................................................102
Nowegijick v The Queen (1983) ...............................................................................................103
Interpretation of Treating Rights .............................................................................................103
Marshall 3 (2005) ....................................................................................................................103
R v Morris (2006) .....................................................................................................................103
Extinguishment of rights...........................................................................................................103
THE NEED FOR CONSTITUIONAL PROTECTION .........................................................................103
SECTION 35...............................................................................................................................103
Text of s.35...............................................................................................................................103
Outside Charter of Rights .........................................................................................................104
“Aboriginal peoples of Canada”................................................................................................104
R v Powley [2003]......................................................................................................................104
“Aboriginal and Treaty Rights” ................................................................................................104
“Existing”.................................................................................................................................104
R v Sparrow (1990)...................................................................................................................104
“Recognized and Affirmed”.....................................................................................................105
R v Gladstone (1996) ...............................................................................................................105
R v Marshall [1999] ................................................................................................................105
Application to Extinguishment ................................................................................................106
Application to Provincial Laws.................................................................................................106
Duty to consult aboriginal people............................................................................................106
Haida Nation v BC (2004) ........................................................................................................106
SECTION 25..............................................................................................................................106
Corbiere v Canada (1999) .......................................................................................................107
SECTTION 35.1 CONSTITUION ................................................................................................107
Interpreting the Charter OF Rights and Freedoms.....................................................108-119
HISTORY OF CHARTER ............................................................................................................108
PROTECTION OF CIVIL LIBERTIES ...........................................................................................108
ENHANSMENT OF NATIONAL UNITY ......................................................................................108
EXPANSION OF JUDICIAL REVIEW ..........................................................................................108
New Grounds of Review.........................................................................................................108
Vagueness of Concepts ..........................................................................................................108
Role of s.1................................................................................................................................109
Role of s.33..............................................................................................................................109
DIALOGUE WITH LEGISLATIVE BRANCH ..................................................................................110
The Idea of Dialogue................................................................................................................110
Second Look Cases...................................................................................................................110
R v Mills (1999).........................................................................................................................110
R v Hall [2002]..........................................................................................................................110
Sauve v Canada (2002) ............................................................................................................110
Canada v JTI-Macdonald Corp [2007]......................................................................................110
Remedial Discretion ................................................................................................................111
Dialogue with Government......................................................................................................111
POLITICAL QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................111
Re Canada Assistance Plan (1991) ..........................................................................................111
Succession Reference [1998] ...................................................................................................111
CHARACTERIZATION OF LAW ..................................................................................................112
Comparison with federalism review........................................................................................112
Purpose or effect.....................................................................................................................112
R v Big M Drug Mart (1985) ...................................................................................................113
R v Edwards Books and Art (1986) ..........................................................................................113
R v Jones (1986).......................................................................................................................113
Severance ..............................................................................................................................113
Reading down..........................................................................................................................114
INTERPRETATION OF CHARTER ...............................................................................................114
Progressive interpretation......................................................................................................114
Edwards v AG Can (1930) .......................................................................................................114
Generous Interpretation.........................................................................................................114
Edwards v AG Can (1930) .......................................................................................................114
R v Oakes ................................................................................................................................114
Purposive Interpretation .........................................................................................................115
Process as Purpose...................................................................................................................115
Hierarchy of rights....................................................................................................................115
Conflict between rights.............................................................................................................115
B.C Government Employees’ Union v British Columbia [1988]..................................................116
R v Keegstra (1990)...................................................................................................................116
R v O’Connor [1995] .........................................................................................................117
SOURCES OF INTERPRETATION ........................................................................................117
Pre-Charter Cases.............................................................................................................117
American Cases................................................................................................................117
International Sources .......................................................................................................117
R v Hape [2007] ................................................................................................................117
PRIORITY BETWEEN FEDERAL AND CHARTER GROUNDS...................................................117
COMMENCEMENT OF CHARTER .......................................................................................118
Mack v Canada (2002) ......................................................................................................118
UNDECLARED RIGHTS ........................................................................................................118
Application of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms................................................119-130
BENEFIT OF RIGHTS ............................................................................................................119
The Issue ............................................................................................................................119
Everyone, Anyone, Any Person...........................................................................................119
s.2,7,8,9,10,12 and 17 of Charter .......................................................................................119
ss.11 and 19 of Charter .....................................................................................................119
s.20 of Charter ..................................................................................................................119
s.24 of Charter ..................................................................................................................119
Individual ..........................................................................................................................119
Citizen................................................................................................................................120
s.7 ......................................................................................................................................120
Permanent Resident...........................................................................................................120
s.6(2) .................................................................................................................................120
BURDEN OF RIGHTS ...........................................................................................................120
Both level of government...................................................................................................120
s.32(1)................................................................................................................................120
Parliament or Legislature ..................................................................................................121
New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v Nova Scotia (1993) ....................................................121
Vriend v Alberta (1998) .....................................................................................................121
Dunmore v Ontario (2001).................................................................................................122
Statutory authority............................................................................................................122
Stoffman v Vancouver General Hospital (1990)................................................................123
Eldridge v BC (1997)..........................................................................................................123
Re Bhindi (1986)................................................................................................................124
Lavigne v OPSEU (1991).....................................................................................................124
Amending Procedures .......................................................................................................124
Government.......................................................................................................................125
Courts................................................................................................................................125
Dolphin Delivery (1986)....................................................................................................125
R v Rahey (1987)..............................................................................................................126
BC Government Employees’ Union (BCGEU) v BC (1988)..................................................126
Common law.....................................................................................................................126
Dagenais v CBC (1994)......................................................................................................127
Hill v Church of Scientology (1995) ...................................................................................127
Private action.....................................................................................................................128
R v Buhay (2003) ................................................................................................................128
Extraterritorial application..................................................................................................128
Kindler v Canada [1991] .....................................................................................................129
United States v Burns (2001) ..............................................................................................129
Surech v Canada [2002] ................................................................................................130
R v Hape (2007) .............................................................................................................130
Canada v Khadr [2008] ..................................................................................................130
Override of Rights (s.33)........................................................................................131-132
SECTION 33.........................................................................................................................131
HISTORY OF S.33.................................................................................................................131
Ford v Quebec (1988) .........................................................................................................131
RIGHTS THAT MAY BE OVERRIDDEN ..................................................................................131
Rights that CANNOT be overridden are:.............................................................................131
FIVE-YEAR LIMIT .................................................................................................................131
SPECIFICITY OF DECLARATION ...........................................................................................132
RETROACTIVE EFFECT..........................................................................................................132
JUDICIAL REVIEW.................................................................................................................132
EVALUATION OF S.33...........................................................................................................132
Limitation of Rights (s.1).....................................................................................133-145
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................133
s.1.........................................................................................................................................133
RATIONALE OF S.1................................................................................................................133
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN S.1 AND RIGHTS..........................................................................133
PRESUMPTION OF CONSTITUTIONALITY ............................................................................134
Federalism cases v. Charter cases ......................................................................................134
LIMITS .................................................................................................................................134
PRESCRIBED BY LAW ...........................................................................................................135
Definition of prescribed by law ...........................................................................................135
Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v Canada [2000] .......................................................135
Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority v Canadian Federation of Students [2009]..135
Discretion..............................................................................................................................136
Re Ontario Film and Video Appreciation Society (1984)........................................................136
R v Hufsky (1988)...................................................................................................................136
R v Ladoucer (1990).................................................................................................................136
Slaight Communications v Davidson.......................................................................................136
Vagueness ..............................................................................................................................137
Irwin Toy v Quebec (1989).......................................................................................................137
REASONABLE AND DEMONSTRABLY JUSTIFIED .....................................................................137
Introduction ...........................................................................................................................137
OAKES TEST..............................................................................................................................137
SUFFICIENTLY IMPORTANT OBJECTIVE ..................................................................................138
Identification of objective.......................................................................................................138
Andrews v Law Society of BC (1989)........................................................................................138
Irwin Toy v Quebec (1989).......................................................................................................138
Importance of objective...........................................................................................................139
Quebec’s Distinct Society.........................................................................................................139
Inadmissible Objectives.............................................................................................................139
Shifting Objectives ....................................................................................................................140
Rule in R v Big M Drug Mart (1985) ..........................................................................................140
R v Butler [1992] .......................................................................................................................140
But in R v Zundel [1992] ............................................................................................................140
Cost............................................................................................................................................140
Singh (1985)...................................................................................................................................140
R v Lee (1989) ................................................................................................................................140
Nova Scotia v Martin [2003] - .......................................................................................................140
Newfoundland v N.A.P.E. (2004)...................................................................................................140
RATIONAL CONNECTION ..............................................................................................................141
Definition .....................................................................................................................................141
R v Oakes (1986) ..........................................................................................................................141
Benner v Canada (1997) ..............................................................................................................141
Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority v Canadian Federation of Students [2009]...........141
Causation .....................................................................................................................................141
LEAST DRASTIC MEANS (or the minimum impairment test).........................................................142
Minimum impairment..................................................................................................................142
Ford v Quebec (1988) ....................................................................................................................142
Black v Law Society of Alberta (1989.............................................................................................142
Rocket v ... Dental Surgeons (1990) ...............................................................................................142
Margin of Appreciation...................................................................................................................142
BCGEU v AG of BC (1989)................................................................................................................142
Prostitution Reference (1990) ........................................................................................................142
PROPORTIONATE EFFECT ..............................................................................................................143
APPLICATION OF EQUALITY RIGHTS ..............................................................................................143
APPLICATION TO QUALIFIED RIGHTS ..............................................................................................143
Scope of s.1 ....................................................................................................................................143
Section 7 ........................................................................................................................................143
Section 8.........................................................................................................................................143
Section 9.........................................................................................................................................144
Section 11.......................................................................................................................................144
Section 12.......................................................................................................................................144
APPLICATION TO COMMON LAW ..................................................................................................144
R v Swain [1991].............................................................................................................................144
R v Daviault [1994] ........................................................................................................................144
R v Stone [1999] .............................................................................................................................145
EMERGENCY MEASURES.................................................................................................................145
Freedom of Conscience and Religion s.2(a)......................................................................146-150
DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS..............................................................................................................146
s.92(12).............................................................................................................................................146
s.93(3) .............................................................................................................................................146
R v Edwards Books and Art (1986) ..................................................................................................146
SECTION 2(a) OF THE CHARTER ......................................................................................................146
FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE .............................................................................................................146
FREEDOM OF RELIGION ..................................................................................................................146
R v Big M Drug Mart (1985) ...........................................................................................................146
SUNDAY OBSERVANCE ...................................................................................................................146
R v Edward Books and Art (1986) ...................................................................................................146
OTHER RELIGIOUS PRACTICES ........................................................................................................147
R v Big M Drug Mart .......................................................................................................................147
Young v Young (1993)......................................................................................................................147
B.(R) v Children’s Aid Society (1995)................................................................................................147
Ross v New Brunswick School District No. 15 (1996)......................................................................148
Syndicat Northcrest v Amselem (2004)...........................................................................................148
Multani v Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys (2006) .................................................148
Alberta v Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony [2009]..............................................................148
WAIVER OF RELIGIOUS PRACTICE..............................................................................................149
Syndicat Northwest v Amselem [2004]......................................................................................149
Bruker v Marcovitz [2007]...........................................................................................................149
RELIGION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS ...................................................................................................149
Zylberberg v Sudbury Board of Education [1988] .......................................................................149
Canadian Civil Liberties Association v Ontario [1990]................................................................150
DENOMINATIONAL SCHOOLS ....................................................................................................150
Adler v Ontario (1996) ................................................................................................................150
RELIGIOUS MARRIAGE ...............................................................................................................150
Same-Sex Marriage Reference (2004).........................................................................................150
Freedom of Expression s.2(b)...........................................................................................151-165
s.2(b)..........................................................................................................................................151
DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS ........................................................................................................151
Classification of laws...................................................................................................................151
Political Speech...........................................................................................................................151
Provincial Power.........................................................................................................................151
Federal Power.............................................................................................................................151
SECTION 2(b) OF CHARTER..........................................................................................................151
COMPARISON WITH FIRST AMENDMENT ..................................................................................152
REASONS FOR PROTECTING EXPRESSION ..................................................................................152
Irwin Toy v Quebec [1989]..........................................................................................................152
MEANING OF EXPRESSION ........................................................................................................152
Definition of Expression .............................................................................................................152
R v Sharpe (2001)........................................................................................................................152
Criminal expression....................................................................................................................152
Prostitution Reference (1990) .....................................................................................................152
Violence.......................................................................................................................................153
Content neutrality.......................................................................................................................153
R v Keegsta (1990) ......................................................................................................................153
R v Zundel (1992) ........................................................................................................................153
WAYS OF LIMITING EXPRESSION ................................................................................................153
Prior Restraint .............................................................................................................................153
Border control..............................................................................................................................154
Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v Canada (2000)................................................................154
Penal Prohibition .........................................................................................................................154
Canada v Taylor [1990] ...............................................................................................................154
Ross v New Brunswick School District No. 15 [1996] Civil Prohibition .........................................154
Forced expression.........................................................................................................................154
R.J.R.-MacDonald v Canada (1995)...............................................................................................154
Canada v JTI-Macdonald Corp. (2007) ..........................................................................................155
Slaight Communications v Davidson (1989) .................................................................................155
Language requirement..................................................................................................................155
Ford v Quebec (1988) ...................................................................................................................155
Devine v Quebec (1988) ...............................................................................................................155
Search of Press Premises .............................................................................................................155
Time, manner and place...............................................................................................................155
U.C.F.W. v Kmart Canada (1999)..................................................................................................155
Pepsi-Cola Canada Beverages v R.W.D.S.U. (2002)......................................................................155
COMMERICAL EXPRESSION .........................................................................................................156
Protection of Commercial Expression .........................................................................................156
Language Requirements .............................................................................................................156
Advertising restrictions................................................................................................................156
Irwin Toy v Quebec (1989) ...........................................................................................................157
Sings.............................................................................................................................................157
R v Guignard (2002) ....................................................................................................................157
Vann Niagara v Oakville [2003] ..................................................................................................157
Prostitution..................................................................................................................................157
Prostitution Reference (1990) .....................................................................................................157
PICKETING ...................................................................................................................................157
Vancouver Courthouse case (1988) ............................................................................................157
U.C.F.W. v Kmart Canada (1999).................................................................................................157
Pepsi (2002) ................................................................................................................................157
HATE PROPAGANDA....................................................................................................................158
R v Keegstra (1990) ......................................................................................................................158
R v Zundel (1992) ..........................................................................................................................158
DEFAMATION ................................................................................................................................158
Hill v Church of Scientology [1995].................................................................................................158
Cusson v Quan [2007] ...................................................................................................................159
WIC Radio v Simpson [2008] .........................................................................................................159
Neron v Chambre des notaires dy Quebec [2004] ........................................................................160
PORNOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................................160
R v Butler (1992) ...........................................................................................................................160
R v Sharpe (2001) ..........................................................................................................................160
ACCESS TO PUBLIC PROPERTY ......................................................................................................161
Committee for the Commonwealth of Canada v Canada (1991)..................................................161
Ramsden v Peterborough (1993)...................................................................................................161
Montreal v 2952-1366 Quebec (2005) .........................................................................................161
ACCESS TO COURTS .....................................................................................................................162
Fair Trial Concerns .......................................................................................................................162
Restrictions on reporting..............................................................................................................162
Edmonton Journal v Alberta (1989) .............................................................................................163
Canadian Newspapers Co. v Canada (1988).................................................................................162
Dagenais v CBC (1994).................................................................................................................162
R v Mentuck [2001] .....................................................................................................................163
Restriction on Access...................................................................................................................163
Re Southam and the Queen (No.1) (1983) ..................................................................................163
CBC v New Brunswick (1996) ......................................................................................................163
Re Vancouver Sun [2004] ............................................................................................................163
ACCESS TO LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY ............................................................................................164
CONTEMPT OF COURT ................................................................................................................164
R v Kopyto (1987) ........................................................................................................................164
PUBLIC SERVICE ..........................................................................................................................164
OPSEU v Ontario [1986] ..............................................................................................................165
MANDATORY LETTERS OF REFERENCE........................................................................................165
ELECTION EXPENDITURES ...........................................................................................................165
VOTING........................................................................................................................................165
ACCESS TO GOVERNMENT .........................................................................................................165
Life, Liberty and Security of the Person s.7..............................................................166-177
DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS OVER LEGAL RIGHTS .................................................................166
s.1(a), Canadian Bill of Rights ................................................................................................166
s.2(e), Canadian Bill of Rights ................................................................................................166
SECTION 7 OF CHARTER..........................................................................................................166
APPLICATION OF S.1................................................................................................................166
BENEFIT OF S.7 .......................................................................................................................166
Corporation.............................................................................................................................166
Immigrants..............................................................................................................................166
Foetus.....................................................................................................................................166
BURDEN OF S.7........................................................................................................................167
LIFE..........................................................................................................................................167
LIBERTY ...................................................................................................................................167
Physical Liberty........................................................................................................................167
Economic Liberty ....................................................................................................................167
Political Liberty ......................................................................................................................167
SECUTITY OF THE PERSON .....................................................................................................167
Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v Canada (2004) ..............................167
R v Morgentaler (No.2) (1988).................................................................................................168
Chaoulli v Quebec (2005).........................................................................................................168
Rodriguez v British Columbia (1993)........................................................................................168
New Brunswick v G(J) (1999) ...................................................................................................168
Blencoe v BC (2000)..................................................................................................................168
PROPERTY ................................................................................................................................168
FUNDAMENTAL JUSTICE ..........................................................................................................169
Procedure and Substance........................................................................................................169
Definition of fundamental justice............................................................................................169
B.C. Motor Vehicle Reference (1985) ......................................................................................169
Rodriguez v BC (1993) ............................................................................................................169
Wilson v British Columbia (Medical Services Commission) (1988)..........................................169
ABSOLUTE AND STRICKT LIABILITY .........................................................................................170
Categories of Offences ............................................................................................................170
R v City of Sault Ste. Marie (1978) ..........................................................................................170
Absolute liability offences.........................................................................................................170
B.C. Motor Vehicle Reference (1985).......................................................................................170
R v Pontes (1995) ....................................................................................................................170
Rv Hess (1990)...........................................................................................................................170
Strict liability offences...............................................................................................................171
R v Wholesale Travel Group (1991) ...........................................................................................171
MURDER ...................................................................................................................................171
R v Vaillancourt (1987) .............................................................................................................171
UNFORESEEN CONSEQUENCES .................................................................................................171
R v De Sousa [1990] ..................................................................................................................172
INVOLUNTARY ACTS .................................................................................................................172
Automatism ..............................................................................................................................172
R v Stone [1999] ........................................................................................................................172
Duress ......................................................................................................................................172
R v Ruzic [2000] ........................................................................................................................172
Intoxication ..............................................................................................................................172
MacAskill [1931] ....................................................................................................................172
R v Daviault [1994] .................................................................................................................173
R V Robinson [1996] ...............................................................................................................173
OVERBROAD LAWS .................................................................................................................173
R v Heywood [1994] .................................................................................................................173
Ontario v Canadian Pacific [1995] ............................................................................................173
R v Demers [2004] .....................................................................................................................173
DISPROPORTIONATE LAWS .......................................................................................................173
R v Malmo-Levine [2003] ..........................................................................................................173
ARBITRARY LAWS ......................................................................................................................174
Chaoulli v Quebec (2005)...........................................................................................................174
VAGGUE LAWS .........................................................................................................................174
Void for Vagueness ..................................................................................................................174
R v Morales (1992).....................................................................................................................174
Ontario v Canadian Pacific (1995)............................................................................................174
Standard of Precision ..............................................................................................................174
Application to Other Charter Rights ........................................................................................175
WRONG LAWS ..........................................................................................................................175
RIGHT TO SILENCE ....................................................................................................................175
R v Herbert (1990)....................................................................................................................175
R v Broyles (1991) ....................................................................................................................175
R v Fitzpatrick (1995) ...............................................................................................................175
FAIR TRIAL ...............................................................................................................................176
The Right to a Fair Trial ............................................................................................................176
New Brunswick v G(J) ...............................................................................................................176
Full Answer and Defence .........................................................................................................176
R v Cook [1997] ........................................................................................................................176
Pre-trial Disclosure...................................................................................................................176
R v Stinchcombe [1991] ............................................................................................................176
Pre-trial Disclosure by Third Party ............................................................................................177
R v O’Connor [1995]...................................................................................................................177
R v McClure [2001].....................................................................................................................177
Preservation of Evidence ...........................................................................................................177
Statutory Limits on Pre-trial Disclosure.....................................................................................177
Equality Rights s.15.....................................................................................................178-200
DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS ........................................................................................................178
CANADIAN BILL OF RIGHTS .........................................................................................................178
AMERICAN BILL OF RIGHTS..........................................................................................................178
SECTION 15 OF THE CHARTER......................................................................................................178
APPLICATION OF S.15 ..................................................................................................................178
Individual .....................................................................................................................................179
“Law” in s.15.................................................................................................................................179
R v S.(S) [1990]..............................................................................................................................179
Private action................................................................................................................................179
Blainey v Ontario Hockey Association (1986) ...............................................................................179
EQUALITY ......................................................................................................................................180
Four Equalities of s.15...................................................................................................................180
Absolute equality...........................................................................................................................180
Aristotle’s Definition......................................................................................................................180
Similarly Situated ......................................................................................................................180
Formal and Substantive Equality ..............................................................................................180
Reasonable Classification .........................................................................................................180
Valid Federal Objective..............................................................................................................181
Early Application of s.15 ............................................................................................................181
DISCRIMINATION........................................................................................................................182
s.15(1)........................................................................................................................................182
LISTED OR ANALOGOUS GROUNDS ..........................................................................................182
Requirement of a Listed or Analogous Ground ........................................................................182
Andrews v Law Society of BC (1989).........................................................................................182
Addition of analogous grounds.................................................................................................183
HUMAN DIGNITY ......................................................................................................................184
Ambiguity in Andrews ..............................................................................................................184
Impairment of Human Dignity ..................................................................................................184
Law v Canada (1999) ................................................................................................................185
The factor of correspondence....................................................................................................185
Gosselin v Quebec (2002)...........................................................................................................186
Discrimination without Human Dignity .....................................................................................186
R v Kapp [2008]..........................................................................................................................186
Ermineskin Indian Band and Nation v Canada [2009]...............................................................186
DISADVANTAGE .........................................................................................................................187
Selection of comparator group...................................................................................................187
Hodge v Canada (2004) .............................................................................................................187
Auton v BC (2004).......................................................................................................................188
Requirement of Disadvantage ...................................................................................................188
Thibaudeau v Canada [1995] ....................................................................................................188
Eaton v Brant County Board of Education (1997)......................................................................188
Objective and Subjective Disadvantage ...................................................................................189
Egan v Canada [1995]..............................................................................................................189
McKinney v University of Guelph [1990]...................................................................................189
Human Dignity and Disadvantage ..........................................................................................189
Group disadvantage.................................................................................................................190
R v Turpin (1989) .....................................................................................................................190
R v Hess (1990) ........................................................................................................................190
History......................................................................................................................................191
DIRECT AND INDIRECT DISCRIMINATION ...............................................................................191
Substantive Equality ...............................................................................................................191
Unintended Discrimination .....................................................................................................192
Reasonable accommodation...................................................................................................192
JUSTIFICATION UNDER S.1 ......................................................................................................192
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION .............................................................................................................193
s.15(2)......................................................................................................................................193
DISCRIMINATION PERMITTED BY CONSTITUTION ...................................................................193
Age in ss. 23, 29, 99..................................................................................................................193
Race in s.91(24)........................................................................................................................193
R v Drybones (1969) .................................................................................................................193
Ermineskin Indian Band and Nation v Canada [2009] .............................................................194.
Religion in s.93.........................................................................................................................194
Ontario Separate School Funding case (1987).........................................................................194
Adler v Ontario (1996) ............................................................................................................194
Province of residence in ss.91,92.......................................................................................194
Citizenship in s.6.................................................................................................................194
Language in ss.16-23..........................................................................................................194
RACE ...................................................................................................................................195
RELIGION ............................................................................................................................195
Alta v Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony [2009]............................................................195
SEX......................................................................................................................................195
Direct discrimination..........................................................................................................195
Weatherall v Canada (1993)..............................................................................................195
Benner v Canada (1997) ....................................................................................................195
Trociuk v BC (2003).............................................................................................................195
Newfoundland v N.A.P.E [2004]..........................................................................................196
Systemic Discrimination ....................................................................................................196
Symes v Canada [1993] ......................................................................................................196
SECTION 28.........................................................................................................................196
AGE.....................................................................................................................................196
Gosselin v Quebec (2002) ..................................................................................................197
Tetreault-Gadoury v Canada (1991) .................................................................................197
MENTAL OR PHYSICAL DISABILITY ....................................................................................197
Wynberg v Ontario [2006] -..............................................................................................197
Granovsky v Canada (2000)..............................................................................................197
Nova Scotia v Martin (2003).............................................................................................198
Eldridge v BC (1997) .........................................................................................................198
CITIZENSHIP......................................................................................................................198
MARITAL STATUS .............................................................................................................198
Miron v Trudel (1995) ......................................................................................................198
SEXUAL ORIENTATION ......................................................................................................199
M v H (1999) ....................................................................................................................199
PLACE OF RESIDENCE .......................................................................................................199
Corbiere v Canada (1999) ................................................................................................199
R v S.(S) (1990) .................................................................................................................199
OCCUPATION ...................................................................................................................200
Dunmore v Ontario [2001] ...............................................................................................200
Health Service Bargaining Case [2007] .............................................................................200
Remedies s.24(1), s.52(1)....................................................................................201-209
SUPREMACY CLAUSE .........................................................................................................201
Section 52(1) ......................................................................................................................201
Section 24(1) .....................................................................................................................201
Nullification .......................................................................................................................202
Temporary validity .............................................................................................................202
Re Manitoba Language Rights (1985) ................................................................................202
Schachter v Canada (1992) .................................................................................................202
Severance ...........................................................................................................................203
Tetreault-Gadoury ..............................................................................................................203
Reading in ...........................................................................................................................203
Miron v Trudel (1995)..........................................................................................................203
Vriend v Albert (1998) .........................................................................................................203
Issues with “reading in”.......................................................................................................203
Schachter v Canada (1992]..................................................................................................203
Reading Down.....................................................................................................................204
Constitutional Exemption ...................................................................................................204
Reconstruction ....................................................................................................................204
Section 24(1) .......................................................................................................................205
Applicable to Charter Only ..................................................................................................205
Non-exclusive Remedy .........................................................................................................205
R v Demers [2004] ................................................................................................................205
Standing...............................................................................................................................205
R v Big M Drug Mart [1985] .................................................................................................206
Minister of Justice v Borowski (1981) ..................................................................................206
Apprehended infringements................................................................................................206
Court of competent jurisdiction...........................................................................................206
Weber v Ontario Hydro (1995).............................................................................................206
Mooring v Canada (1996)....................................................................................................207
R v 974649 [2001] ...............................................................................................................207
Range of Remedies ..............................................................................................................207
Supervision of court order...................................................................................................207
Doucet-Boudreau v Nova Scotia (2003)................................................................................207
Abdelrazik v Canada [2009]..................................................................................................208
Appeals ................................................................................................................................208
ADMINISTATIVE TRIBUNALS ................................................................................................208
With power to decide questions of law...............................................................................208
Douglas College (1990) .......................................................................................................208
Cuddy Chicks v Ontario [1991] .............................................................................................208
Nova Scotia v Martin (2003) .................................................................................................209
Paul v BC (2003)....................................................................................................................209
Without Power to Decide Questions of Law.........................................................................209
Preliminary inquiry judge......................................................................................................209
R v Seaboyer (1991) .............................................................................................................209
SCRUTINY BY MINISTER OF JUSTICE......................................................................................209
LEGISLATIVE ENFORCEMENT ................................................................................................209
Sources/Nature of the Constitution.....................................................................................................1-4
CONSTITUTION ACT 1867..................................................................................................................... 1
CONSTITUTION ACT 1982.....................................................................................................................1
CONSTUTION OF CANADA....................................................................................................................1
s.52(1) ..................................................................................................................................................1
s.52(3) ..................................................................................................................................................1
PARLIAMENTARY PRIVILEGE.................................................................................................................1
New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v Nova Scotia (1993)........................................................................2
Canada v Vaid (2005)............................................................................................................................2
CASE LAW (Judicial activism).................................................................................................................2
Reference re Secession of Quebec (1998)..............................................................................................2
PREROGATIVE.......................................................................................................................................2
CONVENTIONS.......................................................................................................................................3
Definition of Conventions......................................................................................................................3
Examples of conventions........................................................................................................................3
Conventions in the courts.......................................................................................................................3
Patriation Reference (1981)....................................................................................................................3
Quebec Veto Reference (1982)................................................................................................................3
Convention and Usage.............................................................................................................................4
Convention and Agreement.....................................................................................................................4
Convention and Law.................................................................................................................................4
Convention and Policy .............................................................................................................................4
Alta [2000] ...............................................................................................................................................4.
Catholic School Teachers’ Ass. [2001].......................................................................................................4
Procedures for Amending the Constitution ss. 38 to 45....................................................................5-8
HISTORY OF AMENDMENT .........................................................................................................................5
PART V OF THE CONSTITUTION ACT, 1982..................................................................................................5
Summary of Part V.......................................................................................................................................5
s.52(1) .........................................................................................................................................................5
Charter of Rights .........................................................................................................................................5
GENERAL AMENDING PROCEDURE..............................................................................................................5
Section 38(1) ................................................................................................................................................5
Proclamation ...............................................................................................................................................6
Opting Out ...................................................................................................................................................6
Compensation for opting out (s.40)..............................................................................................................6
Revocation of Assent or Dissent ...................................................................................................................6
Section 42......................................................................................................................................................6
“Regional veto” statute.................................................................................................................................7
Criticism of amending procedures.................................................................................................................7
UNANIMITY PROCEDURE (s.41).....................................................................................................................7
SOME-BUT-NOT-ALL-PROVINCES PROCEDURE (s.43)....................................................................................7
FEDERAL PARLIAMENT ALONE (s.44).............................................................................................................7
PROVINCIAL LEGISLATURE ALONE (s.45).......................................................................................................7
FUTURE AMENDMENTS.................................................................................................................................7
Forces of Change...........................................................................................................................................8
Division of Powers .........................................................................................................................................8
Central Institutions.........................................................................................................................................8
Criticism of Amending Procedures ......................................................................................................................8
Federalism/Judicial Review.......................................................................................................................9-13
DISTRIBUTION OF GOVERNMENTAL POWER.........................................................................................................9
Federalism ............................................................................................................................................................9
Reasons for federalism..........................................................................................................................................9
Subsidiary ..............................................................................................................................................................9
REASONS FOR FEDERALISM .................................................................................................................................10
FEDERALISM IN CANADA .....................................................................................................................................10
Early federal dominance (quasi-federal system)..................................................................................................10
Disallowance (s.90)...............................................................................................................................................10
Appointment of Lieutenant Governors................................................................................................................10
Appointment of judges.........................................................................................................................................11
Declaratory power s.92(10)(c)..............................................................................................................................11
SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION ...................................................................................................................11
ROLE OF THE COURTS ..........................................................................................................................................11
Development of judicial review............................................................................................................................11
Section 52(1) ........................................................................................................................................................11
SECESSION ............................................................................................................................................................11
The Power to Secede............................................................................................................................................11
History..................................................................................................................................................................12
Secession Reference (1998) - ...............................................................................................................................12.
Clarity Act .............................................................................................................................................................12
Secession by amendment.....................................................................................................................................12
Secession by unilateral act....................................................................................................................................13
Principles of Interpretation/JR on Federal Grounds.................................................................................14-39
SCOPE...................................................................................................................................................................14
PRIORITY BETWEEN FEDERAL AND CHARTER GROUNDS.....................................................................................14
S.32(1) Charter ...................................................................................................................................................14
S.33 of Charter ...................................................................................................................................................15
PROCEDURE OF JUDICIAL REVIEW......................................................................................................................16
REASONING OF JUDICIAL REVIEW.......................................................................................................................16
CHARACTERIZATION OF LAWS............................................................................................................................16
Russell case (1883)..............................................................................................................................................16
Pith and Substance Doctrine ..............................................................................................................................17
Matter.................................................................................................................................................................17
Singling Out.........................................................................................................................................................18
Double Aspect Doctrine .....................................................................................................................................19
Purpose ...............................................................................................................................................................20
Alberta Bank v Taxation Reference (1938) .........................................................................................................20
R v Big M Drug Mart (1985) ................................................................................................................................21
R v Edwards Books and Art (1986) ......................................................................................................................21
Ward v Canada (2002) ........................................................................................................................................21
How to determine the “purpose” of a statute.....................................................................................................21
Effect....................................................................................................................................................................21
Texada Mines (1960) ...........................................................................................................................................22
Central Canada Potash (1978) .............................................................................................................................22
Saumur v Quebec (1953)......................................................................................................................................22
Efficacy ...............................................................................................................................................................22
Re Firearms Act (2000).....................................................................................................................................22
Ward v Canada (2002) ....................................................................................................................................23
Colourability Doctrine......................................................................................................................................23
Alberta Bank Taxation Reference ....................................................................................................................23
Reciprocal Insurers (1924) ...............................................................................................................................23
Re Upper Churchill Water Rights (1984)...........................................................................................................23
R v Morgentaler (No.3) (1993)..........................................................................................................................23
Criteria of Choice .............................................................................................................................................24
Presumption of Constitutionality ....................................................................................................................25
SEVERANCE.......................................................................................................................................................25
Severance clause ..............................................................................................................................................26
Severance in Charter cases................................................................................................................................26
READING DOWN DOCTRINE..............................................................................................................................26
INTERJURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITY....................................................................................................................27
Definition of INTERJURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITY...............................................................................................27
Federally-incorporated companies...................................................................................................................28
Federally-incorporated undertakings................................................................................................................28
“sterilizing/paralyzing” test:..............................................................................................................................28
“Vital part” #1...................................................................................................................................................28
Quebec Minimum Wage case (1966) a.k.a. Bell 1966 case................................................................................28
Bell 1988............................................................................................................................................................28
Irwin Toy v Quebec (1989) ................................................................................................................................29
“Vital part” #2...................................................................................................................................................29
Ontario v Canadian Pacific [1995]....................................................................................................................29
Reassessment of the “vital part” test...............................................................................................................29
Canadian Western Bank v Alberta [2001]........................................................................................................29
“Vital part” #3..................................................................................................................................................30
British Columbia v Lafarge Canada (2007)......................................................................................................30
Air Canada v Ontario (1997)............................................................................................................................30
Other federal matters......................................................................................................................................30
Rationale of INTERJURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITY ..............................................................................................31
INTERJURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITY vs PITH AND SUBSTANCE..........................................................................31
Provincial Subjects ..........................................................................................................................................32
INTERPRETATION OF CONSTITUTION .............................................................................................................33
Relevance ........................................................................................................................................................33
Exclusiveness ...................................................................................................................................................33
Ancillary Power................................................................................................................................................33
RATIONAL CONNECTION TEST .........................................................................................................................33
Papp v Papp [1970] ..........................................................................................................................................33
R v Zelensky [1978] ..........................................................................................................................................34
Multiple Access v McCutcheon [1980] .............................................................................................................34
R v Thomas Fuller Construction [1979] –..........................................................................................................34
Regional Municipality of Peel v MacKenzie [1982] ..........................................................................................34
General Motors v City National Leasing [1989] as ..........................................................................................34
Concurrency ....................................................................................................................................................35
Exhaustiveness ................................................................................................................................................36
Saumur v Quebec [1953] .................................................................................................................................36
Anti-Inflation Reference [1976]........................................................................................................................36
Progressive Interpretation................................................................................................................................37
DOCTRINE OF PROGRESSIVE INTERPRETATION ...............................................................................................37
Labour Conventions case (1937).....................................................................................................................37
ORIGINALISM..................................................................................................................................................37
Same-Sex Marriage Reference (2004)............................................................................................................37
Re Employment Insurance Act [2005] ...........................................................................................................38
Unwritten Constitutional Principles ...............................................................................................................38
Manitoba Language Reference (1985) ...........................................................................................................38
Re Remuneration of Judges (1997).................................................................................................................39
Secession Reference (1998)............................................................................................................................39
Babcock v Canada (2002)...............................................................................................................................39
British Columbia v Imperial Tobacco [2005] .................................................................................................39
Paramountcy....................................................................................................................................40-47
Test of federal paramountcy ........................................................................................................................41
EXPRESS CONTRADICTION.............................................................................................................................41
Impossibility of Dual Compliance...................................................................................................................41
Multiple Access v McCutcheon (1982)...........................................................................................................41
Gillespie v Gillespie (1973) ............................................................................................................................41
M & D Farm (1999) .......................................................................................................................................41
British Columbia v Lafarge Canada (2007)....................................................................................................41
Frustration of Federal Purpose .....................................................................................................................42
Bank of Montreal v Hall (1990) .....................................................................................................................42
Law Society of B.C. v Mangat (2001).............................................................................................................42
Smith v The Queen (1960)..............................................................................................................................43
Rothmans, Benson & Hedges v Saskatchewan [2005] ..................................................................................43
NEGATIVE IMPLICATION ...............................................................................................................................43
Covering the Field .........................................................................................................................................43
Local Prohibition case [1896].........................................................................................................................43.
O’Grady v Sparling [1960]..............................................................................................................................44
Stephens v The Queen [1960] ........................................................................................................................44
Mann v The Queen [1966] .............................................................................................................................44
Ross v Registrar of Motar Vihicles [1973] .....................................................................................................44
Bell v A-G P.E.I [1973].....................................................................................................................................44
Provincial Secretary of P.E.I v ELGAN [1941]..................................................................................................44
Robinson v Countrywide Factories [1977] .....................................................................................................44.
Construction Montcalm v Minimum Wage Commission [1978] ....................................................................45
Schneider v The Queen [1982] .......................................................................................................................45
Multiple Access v McCutcheon [1982] ...........................................................................................................45
Rio Hotel v New Brunswick [1987] .................................................................................................................45
Irwin Toy v Quebec [1989] .............................................................................................................................45
Clarke v Clarke [1990] ....................................................................................................................................45
114957 Canada v Hudson [2001] ...................................................................................................................45
Canadian Western Bank v Alberta [2007] ......................................................................................................45
Express Extension of PARAMOUNTCY.............................................................................................................45
Dick v The Queen [1985]..................................................................................................................................45
OVERLAP AND DUPLICATION...........................................................................................................................46
Constitutional Significance ..............................................................................................................................46
Double Criminal Liability .................................................................................................................................46
Double Civil Liability ........................................................................................................................................46
EFFECT OF INCONSISTENCY .............................................................................................................................47
Property and Civil Rights s.92(13)...............................................................................................................48-60
s.92(13)....................................................................................................................................................................48
IMPORTANCE OF PROPERTY AND CIVIL RIGHTS......................................................................................................48
HISTORY OF PROPERTY AND CIVIL RIGHTS...............................................................................................................48
CIVIL LIBERTIES .........................................................................................................................................................48
LOCAL OR PRIVATE MATTERS....................................................................................................................................49
s.92(16) .....................................................................................................................................................................49
INSURANCE................................................................................................................................................................49
Reasons for Regulating ..............................................................................................................................................49
Provincial power.........................................................................................................................................................49
Citizens’ Insurance Co v Parsons (1881)......................................................................................................................49.
Insurance Reference (1916) .......................................................................................................................................50
A-G Ont. V Reciprocal Insurers (1924)........................................................................................................................50
Re Insurance Act of Can [1932]...................................................................................................................................50
Re s.16 of Special War Revenue Act [1942]................................................................................................................50
Unemployment Insurance Reference (1937)..............................................................................................................50
Federal power............................................................................................................................................................51
Wentworth Insurance case [1969].............................................................................................................................51
BUSINESS IN GENERAL...............................................................................................................................................51
PROFESSIONS AND TRADES........................................................................................................................................51
Krieger v Law Society of Alberta (2002).....................................................................................................................51
LABOUR RELATIONS (industrial disputes, working hours, wages, etc.)......................................................................52
Provincial power.........................................................................................................................................................52
Toronto Electric Commissioners v Snider (1925) ........................................................................................................52
Labour Conventions case (1937).................................................................................................................................52
Empress Hotel case (1950)..........................................................................................................................................52
Unemployment Insurance Reference [1937]..............................................................................................................52
Federal power ............................................................................................................................................................53
Stevedores Reference (1955)......................................................................................................................................53
Commission du Salaire Minimum v Bell Telephone Co. [1966] .................................................................................54
Bell Canada v Quebec (1988).....................................................................................................................................54
Anti-Inflation Reference (1976) ................................................................................................................................54
MARKETING (and INCIDENTAL EFFECTS)..................................................................................................................55
Reasons for Regulation.............................................................................................................................................55
Federal Power..........................................................................................................................................................55
Provincial Power.......................................................................................................................................................55
Shannon v Lower Mainland Dairy Products Board (1938)........................................................................................56
Home Oil Distributors v A-G B.C [1940] ...................................................................................................................56
Carnation Co. V Quebec Agricultural Marketing Board (1968).................................................................................56
Manitoba Egg Reference (1971)...............................................................................................................................56
Re Agricultural Products Marketing Act (1978)........................................................................................................57
Central Canada Potash v Government of Saskatchewan (1978) .............................................................................57
SECURITIES REGULATION.........................................................................................................................................58
Provincial power......................................................................................................................................................58
Federal power..........................................................................................................................................................58
PROPERTY................................................................................................................................................................58
General ....................................................................................................................................................................59
Switzman v Elbling (1957)........................................................................................................................................59
Bedard v Dawson (1923)..........................................................................................................................................59
Foreign ownership...................................................................................................................................................59
Morgan v A-G PEI (1975)............................................................................................................................59
Heritage property.......................................................................................................................................60
Kitkatla Band v BC (2002)...........................................................................................................................60
DEBT ADJUSTMENT ....................................................................................................................................60
CONSUMER PROTECTION...........................................................................................................................60
EXTRATERRITORIAL COMPETENCE ............................................................................................................60
Trade and Commerce s.91(2)......................................................................................................61-66
RELATIONSHIP TO PROPERTY AND CIVIL RIGHTS.....................................................................................61
s.91(2)......................................................................................................................................................61
s.92(13)....................................................................................................................................................61
Citizens’ Insurance Co. v Parsons (1881) .................................................................................................61
INTERPROVINCIAL OR INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND COMMERCE..........................................................61.
In the Privy Council .................................................................................................................................61
Board of Commerce case [1922] ............................................................................................................62
P.A.T.A. case [1931] ...............................................................................................................................62
Margarine Reference (1951)..................................................................................................................62
R V Klassen [1959] .................................................................................................................................62
Caloil v A-G Can [1971] ..........................................................................................................................63
R v Dominion Stores Ltd. (1979).............................................................................................................63
Labatt Breweries (1980).........................................................................................................................63
GENERAL TRADE AND COMMERCE........................................................................................................64
Canada Standard Trade Mark case [1937] ............................................................................................64
R v Dominion Stores Ltd. (1979).............................................................................................................64
Labatt Breweries (1980) ........................................................................................................................64
MacDonald v Vapor Canada (1976) ......................................................................................................65
General Motors v City National Leasing [1989]. ....................................................................................65
Kirkbi v Ritvik Holdings (2005) ...............................................................................................................66
SPECIFIC TOPICS.....................................................................................................................................66
Peace, Order, and Good Government: POGG s.91 (opening words) ...........................................67-75
RESIDUARY NATURE OF POWER............................................................................................................67
The opening words of s.91.....................................................................................................................67
s.92(13) ..................................................................................................................................................67
s.92(16)...................................................................................................................................................67
POGG power has three branches: .........................................................................................................68
THE “GAP” BRANCH................................................................................................................................68
Jones v New Brunswick (AG) (1975) .......................................................................................................68
Re Offshore Mineral Rights of BC (1967) AND Re Nfld. Continental Shelf (1984)...................................68
THE “NATIONAL CONCERN” BRANCH.....................................................................................................68
History of national concern branch........................................................................................................68
Russell v The Queen (1882).....................................................................................................................69
Local Prohibition case (1896) .................................................................................................................69
AG Ont. V Canada Temperance Federation (1946) ................................................................................69
Munro v National Capital Commission (1966) .......................................................................................70
R v Crown Zellerbach (1988)...................................................................................................................70
Ontario Hydro v Ontario (1993)..............................................................................................................70
Definition of national concern................................................................................................................70
Provincial Inability test............................................................................................................................71
R v Crown Zellerbach (1988) ...................................................................................................................71
DISTINCNESS ............................................................................................................................................71.
Anti-Inflation Reference [1976] ................................................................................................................71
NEWNESS..................................................................................................................................................72
The Queen v Hauser (1979) ......................................................................................................................72
R v Malmo-Levine (2003) ..........................................................................................................................72
THE “EMERGENCY” BRANCH.....................................................................................................................72
The non-emergency cases.........................................................................................................................72
Insurance Reference..................................................................................................................................72
Board of Commerce case [1922] ..............................................................................................................72
Toronto Electric Commissioners v Snider [1925] ......................................................................................72
War...........................................................................................................................................................73
Fort Frances case (1923) ..........................................................................................................................73
Japanese Canadian Reference (1947) ......................................................................................................73
Wartime Leasehold Regulations Reference (1950) ..................................................................................73
Apprehended insurrection........................................................................................................................73
Inflation.....................................................................................................................................................73
Anti-Inflation Reference (1976) ................................................................................................................73
Temporary character of law......................................................................................................................74
Unemployment Insurance Reference (1937) ............................................................................................74
Board of Commerce case [1922] ..............................................................................................................74
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATIONAL CONCERN AND EMERGENCY .........................................................74
The DUAL FUNCTION theory.....................................................................................................................75
Criminal Law s.91(27)....................................................................................................................76-87
DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS........................................................................................................................76
s.91(27).......................................................................................................................................................76
s.92(14).......................................................................................................................................76
s.91(28).......................................................................................................................................................76
s.92(6).........................................................................................................................................................76
s.92(15) ......................................................................................................................................................76
DEFINITION OF CRIMINAL LAW .................................................................................................................77
Board of Commerce case ...........................................................................................................................77
P.A.T.A. case (1931) ...................................................................................................................................77
Margarine Reference (1951)......................................................................................................................77
Boggs v The Queen (1981).........................................................................................................................78
Ward v Canada (2002)...............................................................................................................................78
R v Malmo-Levine (2003) ..........................................................................................................................78..
FOOD AND DRUGS.....................................................................................................................................78
Food and Drug Standards..........................................................................................................................78
R v Wetmore (1983)...................................................................................................................................79
Margarine Reference (1951) .....................................................................................................................79
Labatt Breweries (1979)............................................................................................................................79.
Illicit Drugs ................................................................................................................................................79
Schneider v The Queen (1982) ..................................................................................................................79
Tobacco .....................................................................................................................................................80
RJR-MacDonald v Canada (1995)...............................................................................................................80
Can v JTI-Macdonald Crop (2007) ..............................................................................................................80
HEALTH.......................................................................................................................................................80
s.91(27) ......................................................................................................................................................80
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.................................................................................................................81
R v Hydro-Quebec (1997) .........................................................................................................................81
ABORTION.................................................................................................................................................81
Morgentaler v The Queen (1975) .............................................................................................................81
COMPETITION LAW ..................................................................................................................................81
General Motors v City National Leasing [1989] .......................................................................................82
SUNDAY OBSERVANCE LAW.....................................................................................................................82
Federal power...........................................................................................................................................82
A-G Ont v Hamilton Street Railway [1903] ...............................................................................................82
Henry Brinks [1955]...................................................................................................................................82
R v Big M Drug Mart (1985).......................................................................................................................82
Provincial power........................................................................................................................................83
Lieberman v The Queen (1963) .................................................................................................................83
R v Edwards Books and Art (1986) ............................................................................................................83
GUN CONTROL...........................................................................................................................................83
Re Firearms Act (2000) ..............................................................................................................................83
PREVENTION OF CRIME .............................................................................................................................84
Prevention in general ................................................................................................................................84
Young Offenders........................................................................................................................................84
CRIMINAL LAW AND CIVIL REMEDY ..........................................................................................................84
Federal Power Generally to Create Civil Remedies....................................................................................84
MacDonald v Vapor Canada [1976] ..........................................................................................................84
Papp v Papp [1969].....................................................................................................................................84
Criminal Law Power to Create Civil Remedies ...........................................................................................85
R v Zelensky [1978] ....................................................................................................................................85
CRIMINAL LAW AND REGULATORY AUTHORITY ........................................................................................85
Nova Scotia Board of Censors v McNeil (1978) ..........................................................................................85
R v Furtney [1991] ......................................................................................................................................86
R v Hydro-Quebec (1997)............................................................................................................................86
Re Firearms Act (2000) ...............................................................................................................................86
PROVINCIAL POWER TO ENACT PENAL LAWS ............................................................................................87
Bedard v Dawson (1923).............................................................................................................................87
Westendorp v The Queen (1983) ...............................................................................................................87
Language Rights ss.16 to 22..........................................................................................................88-97
DISTRIBUTION OF POWER OVER LANGUAGE ............................................................................................88
Jones v AG of New Brunswick (1974)..........................................................................................................88
Devine v Quebec (1988)..............................................................................................................................88
LANGUAGE OF CONSTIUTION ....................................................................................................................88
LANGUAGE OF STATUTES...........................................................................................................................88
Constitutional Requirements .....................................................................................................................88
s.133, Constitution Act 1867 .....................................................................................................................88.
Quebec’s Charter of the French Language.................................................................................................89
AG of Quebec v Blaikie (1979)....................................................................................................................89
Manitoba’s Official Language Act...............................................................................................................89
Re Manitoba Language Rights (1985) ........................................................................................................89
Incorporation by reference.........................................................................................................................89
AG of Quebec v Collier (1985)......................................................................................................................89
Delegated legislation...................................................................................................................................90
Blaikie (no.2) (1981) ....................................................................................................................................90
Re Manitoba Language Rights Order No.3)[1992] ......................................................................................90
LANGUAGE OF COURTS .......................................................................................................................91
Definition of Courts .............................................................................................................................91
Language of Process.............................................................................................................................91
MacDonald v City of Montreal (1986)..................................................................................................91
Language of Proceedings.....................................................................................................................91
Societe des Adadiens v Association of Parents (1986)..........................................................................91
Right to Interpreter.............................................................................................................................91
s.14 of Charter ....................................................................................................................................91
R v Tran (1994) ....................................................................................................................................91
LANGUAGE OF GOVERNMENT ............................................................................................................92
Section 16 of Charter...........................................................................................................................92
Section 20 of Charter ..........................................................................................................................92
DesRochers v Canada [2009] ..............................................................................................................92
LANGUAGE OF COMMERCE ................................................................................................................93
Ford v Quebec (1988)..........................................................................................................................93
Devine v Quebec (1988) ......................................................................................................................93
LANGUAGE OF EDUCATION.................................................................................................................93
Section 93 of Constitution Act, 1867...................................................................................................93
Mackell case........................................................................................................................................93
Ottawa Roman Catholic Separate School Trustees v Mackell [1916]..................................................93
Section 23 of Charter ..........................................................................................................................94
Mother Tongue of Parent ...................................................................................................................94
s.23(1)(a) .............................................................................................................................................94
Language of Instruction of Parent in Canada ......................................................................................94
s.23(1)(b) .............................................................................................................................................94
A-G of Quebec v Quebec Protestant School Boards [1984]..................................................................94
Language of Instruction of Child in Canada .........................................................................................94
s.23(2) ..................................................................................................................................................95
Solski v Quebec [2005]..........................................................................................................................95
Where numbers warrant .....................................................................................................................95
Mahe v Alberta [1990] ........................................................................................................................95
Re Public Schools Act (Man) [1999] .....................................................................................................95
Arsenault-Cameron v Price Edward Island [2000] ..............................................................................95
Denominational Schools......................................................................................................................95
Supervision of Remedial Orders .........................................................................................................95
s.24(1)..................................................................................................................................................95
Doucet-Boudreau v Nova Scotia [2003] ..............................................................................................95
Aboriginal Peoples and Treaty Rights s.91(2), s.25, s.35.......................................................97-107
FEDERAL LEGISLATIVE POWER ...........................................................................................................97
Section 91(24) ....................................................................................................................................97
Indians................................................................................................................................................97
s.25.....................................................................................................................................................97
s.35.....................................................................................................................................................97
Lands Reserved for Indians ...............................................................................................................98
Canadian Bill of Rights.......................................................................................................................98
R v Drybones (1969) ..........................................................................................................................98
Charter of Rights................................................................................................................................98
R v Corbiere (1999).............................................................................................................................98
Treaties ..............................................................................................................................................98
PROVINCIAL LEGISLATIVE POWER ............................................................................................98
Application of provincial laws...................................................................................................98
R v Hill (1907) ...........................................................................................................................98
R v Francis (1988) .....................................................................................................................98
Singling out...............................................................................................................................99
Indianess..................................................................................................................................99
Paul v BC (2003)........................................................................................................................99
Paramountcy.............................................................................................................................99
Natural Resources Agreements................................................................................................99
s.35...........................................................................................................................................99
SECTION 88 OF INDIAN ACT .....................................................................................................99
Text of s.88...............................................................................................................................99
Dick v The Queen [1985]..........................................................................................................99
Laws of General Application....................................................................................................100
Paramountcy Exception ...........................................................................................................100
Treaty Exception .....................................................................................................................100
NATURAL RESOURCES AGREEMENTS ......................................................................................100
ABORIGINAL RIGHTS ...............................................................................................................100
Recognition of aboriginal rights...............................................................................................100
Guerin v The Queen [1984] ......................................................................................................100
R v Sparrow [1990]...................................................................................................................100
Definition of aboriginal rights...................................................................................................101
R v Gladstone (1996) ...............................................................................................................101
Mitchell v Minister of National Revenue (2001) ......................................................................101
R v Sappier (2006) ...................................................................................................................101
R v Powley (2003) ...................................................................................................................101
Aboriginal self-government.....................................................................................................101
R v Pamajewon (1996).............................................................................................................101
Aboriginal Title ........................................................................................................................102
Delgamuuk v British Columbia [1997] ......................................................................................102
Extinguishment of Aboriginal Rights ........................................................................................102
TREATY RIGHTS ........................................................................................................................102
Definition of treaty...................................................................................................................102
Simon v The Queen (1985) .......................................................................................................102
Nowegijick v The Queen (1983) ...............................................................................................103
Interpretation of Treating Rights .............................................................................................103
Marshall 3 (2005) ....................................................................................................................103
R v Morris (2006) .....................................................................................................................103
Extinguishment of rights...........................................................................................................103
THE NEED FOR CONSTITUIONAL PROTECTION .........................................................................103
SECTION 35...............................................................................................................................103
Text of s.35...............................................................................................................................103
Outside Charter of Rights .........................................................................................................104
“Aboriginal peoples of Canada”................................................................................................104
R v Powley [2003]......................................................................................................................104
“Aboriginal and Treaty Rights” ................................................................................................104
“Existing”.................................................................................................................................104
R v Sparrow (1990)...................................................................................................................104
“Recognized and Affirmed”.....................................................................................................105
R v Gladstone (1996) ...............................................................................................................105
R v Marshall [1999] ................................................................................................................105
Application to Extinguishment ................................................................................................106
Application to Provincial Laws.................................................................................................106
Duty to consult aboriginal people............................................................................................106
Haida Nation v BC (2004) ........................................................................................................106
SECTION 25..............................................................................................................................106
Corbiere v Canada (1999) .......................................................................................................107
SECTTION 35.1 CONSTITUION ................................................................................................107
Interpreting the Charter OF Rights and Freedoms.....................................................108-119
HISTORY OF CHARTER ............................................................................................................108
PROTECTION OF CIVIL LIBERTIES ...........................................................................................108
ENHANSMENT OF NATIONAL UNITY ......................................................................................108
EXPANSION OF JUDICIAL REVIEW ..........................................................................................108
New Grounds of Review.........................................................................................................108
Vagueness of Concepts ..........................................................................................................108
Role of s.1................................................................................................................................109
Role of s.33..............................................................................................................................109
DIALOGUE WITH LEGISLATIVE BRANCH ..................................................................................110
The Idea of Dialogue................................................................................................................110
Second Look Cases...................................................................................................................110
R v Mills (1999).........................................................................................................................110
R v Hall [2002]..........................................................................................................................110
Sauve v Canada (2002) ............................................................................................................110
Canada v JTI-Macdonald Corp [2007]......................................................................................110
Remedial Discretion ................................................................................................................111
Dialogue with Government......................................................................................................111
POLITICAL QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................111
Re Canada Assistance Plan (1991) ..........................................................................................111
Succession Reference [1998] ...................................................................................................111
CHARACTERIZATION OF LAW ..................................................................................................112
Comparison with federalism review........................................................................................112
Purpose or effect.....................................................................................................................112
R v Big M Drug Mart (1985) ...................................................................................................113
R v Edwards Books and Art (1986) ..........................................................................................113
R v Jones (1986).......................................................................................................................113
Severance ..............................................................................................................................113
Reading down..........................................................................................................................114
INTERPRETATION OF CHARTER ...............................................................................................114
Progressive interpretation......................................................................................................114
Edwards v AG Can (1930) .......................................................................................................114
Generous Interpretation.........................................................................................................114
Edwards v AG Can (1930) .......................................................................................................114
R v Oakes ................................................................................................................................114
Purposive Interpretation .........................................................................................................115
Process as Purpose...................................................................................................................115
Hierarchy of rights....................................................................................................................115
Conflict between rights.............................................................................................................115
B.C Government Employees’ Union v British Columbia [1988]..................................................116
R v Keegstra (1990)...................................................................................................................116
R v O’Connor [1995] .........................................................................................................117
SOURCES OF INTERPRETATION ........................................................................................117
Pre-Charter Cases.............................................................................................................117
American Cases................................................................................................................117
International Sources .......................................................................................................117
R v Hape [2007] ................................................................................................................117
PRIORITY BETWEEN FEDERAL AND CHARTER GROUNDS...................................................117
COMMENCEMENT OF CHARTER .......................................................................................118
Mack v Canada (2002) ......................................................................................................118
UNDECLARED RIGHTS ........................................................................................................118
Application of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms................................................119-130
BENEFIT OF RIGHTS ............................................................................................................119
The Issue ............................................................................................................................119
Everyone, Anyone, Any Person...........................................................................................119
s.2,7,8,9,10,12 and 17 of Charter .......................................................................................119
ss.11 and 19 of Charter .....................................................................................................119
s.20 of Charter ..................................................................................................................119
s.24 of Charter ..................................................................................................................119
Individual ..........................................................................................................................119
Citizen................................................................................................................................120
s.7 ......................................................................................................................................120
Permanent Resident...........................................................................................................120
s.6(2) .................................................................................................................................120
BURDEN OF RIGHTS ...........................................................................................................120
Both level of government...................................................................................................120
s.32(1)................................................................................................................................120
Parliament or Legislature ..................................................................................................121
New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v Nova Scotia (1993) ....................................................121
Vriend v Alberta (1998) .....................................................................................................121
Dunmore v Ontario (2001).................................................................................................122
Statutory authority............................................................................................................122
Stoffman v Vancouver General Hospital (1990)................................................................123
Eldridge v BC (1997)..........................................................................................................123
Re Bhindi (1986)................................................................................................................124
Lavigne v OPSEU (1991).....................................................................................................124
Amending Procedures .......................................................................................................124
Government.......................................................................................................................125
Courts................................................................................................................................125
Dolphin Delivery (1986)....................................................................................................125
R v Rahey (1987)..............................................................................................................126
BC Government Employees’ Union (BCGEU) v BC (1988)..................................................126
Common law.....................................................................................................................126
Dagenais v CBC (1994)......................................................................................................127
Hill v Church of Scientology (1995) ...................................................................................127
Private action.....................................................................................................................128
R v Buhay (2003) ................................................................................................................128
Extraterritorial application..................................................................................................128
Kindler v Canada [1991] .....................................................................................................129
United States v Burns (2001) ..............................................................................................129
Surech v Canada [2002] ................................................................................................130
R v Hape (2007) .............................................................................................................130
Canada v Khadr [2008] ..................................................................................................130
Override of Rights (s.33)........................................................................................131-132
SECTION 33.........................................................................................................................131
HISTORY OF S.33.................................................................................................................131
Ford v Quebec (1988) .........................................................................................................131
RIGHTS THAT MAY BE OVERRIDDEN ..................................................................................131
Rights that CANNOT be overridden are:.............................................................................131
FIVE-YEAR LIMIT .................................................................................................................131
SPECIFICITY OF DECLARATION ...........................................................................................132
RETROACTIVE EFFECT..........................................................................................................132
JUDICIAL REVIEW.................................................................................................................132
EVALUATION OF S.33...........................................................................................................132
Limitation of Rights (s.1).....................................................................................133-145
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................133
s.1.........................................................................................................................................133
RATIONALE OF S.1................................................................................................................133
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN S.1 AND RIGHTS..........................................................................133
PRESUMPTION OF CONSTITUTIONALITY ............................................................................134
Federalism cases v. Charter cases ......................................................................................134
LIMITS .................................................................................................................................134
PRESCRIBED BY LAW ...........................................................................................................135
Definition of prescribed by law ...........................................................................................135
Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v Canada [2000] .......................................................135
Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority v Canadian Federation of Students [2009]..135
Discretion..............................................................................................................................136
Re Ontario Film and Video Appreciation Society (1984)........................................................136
R v Hufsky (1988)...................................................................................................................136
R v Ladoucer (1990).................................................................................................................136
Slaight Communications v Davidson.......................................................................................136
Vagueness ..............................................................................................................................137
Irwin Toy v Quebec (1989).......................................................................................................137
REASONABLE AND DEMONSTRABLY JUSTIFIED .....................................................................137
Introduction ...........................................................................................................................137
OAKES TEST..............................................................................................................................137
SUFFICIENTLY IMPORTANT OBJECTIVE ..................................................................................138
Identification of objective.......................................................................................................138
Andrews v Law Society of BC (1989)........................................................................................138
Irwin Toy v Quebec (1989).......................................................................................................138
Importance of objective...........................................................................................................139
Quebec’s Distinct Society.........................................................................................................139
Inadmissible Objectives.............................................................................................................139
Shifting Objectives ....................................................................................................................140
Rule in R v Big M Drug Mart (1985) ..........................................................................................140
R v Butler [1992] .......................................................................................................................140
But in R v Zundel [1992] ............................................................................................................140
Cost............................................................................................................................................140
Singh (1985)...................................................................................................................................140
R v Lee (1989) ................................................................................................................................140
Nova Scotia v Martin [2003] - .......................................................................................................140
Newfoundland v N.A.P.E. (2004)...................................................................................................140
RATIONAL CONNECTION ..............................................................................................................141
Definition .....................................................................................................................................141
R v Oakes (1986) ..........................................................................................................................141
Benner v Canada (1997) ..............................................................................................................141
Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority v Canadian Federation of Students [2009]...........141
Causation .....................................................................................................................................141
LEAST DRASTIC MEANS (or the minimum impairment test).........................................................142
Minimum impairment..................................................................................................................142
Ford v Quebec (1988) ....................................................................................................................142
Black v Law Society of Alberta (1989.............................................................................................142
Rocket v ... Dental Surgeons (1990) ...............................................................................................142
Margin of Appreciation...................................................................................................................142
BCGEU v AG of BC (1989)................................................................................................................142
Prostitution Reference (1990) ........................................................................................................142
PROPORTIONATE EFFECT ..............................................................................................................143
APPLICATION OF EQUALITY RIGHTS ..............................................................................................143
APPLICATION TO QUALIFIED RIGHTS ..............................................................................................143
Scope of s.1 ....................................................................................................................................143
Section 7 ........................................................................................................................................143
Section 8.........................................................................................................................................143
Section 9.........................................................................................................................................144
Section 11.......................................................................................................................................144
Section 12.......................................................................................................................................144
APPLICATION TO COMMON LAW ..................................................................................................144
R v Swain [1991].............................................................................................................................144
R v Daviault [1994] ........................................................................................................................144
R v Stone [1999] .............................................................................................................................145
EMERGENCY MEASURES.................................................................................................................145
Freedom of Conscience and Religion s.2(a)......................................................................146-150
DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS..............................................................................................................146
s.92(12).............................................................................................................................................146
s.93(3) .............................................................................................................................................146
R v Edwards Books and Art (1986) ..................................................................................................146
SECTION 2(a) OF THE CHARTER ......................................................................................................146
FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE .............................................................................................................146
FREEDOM OF RELIGION ..................................................................................................................146
R v Big M Drug Mart (1985) ...........................................................................................................146
SUNDAY OBSERVANCE ...................................................................................................................146
R v Edward Books and Art (1986) ...................................................................................................146
OTHER RELIGIOUS PRACTICES ........................................................................................................147
R v Big M Drug Mart .......................................................................................................................147
Young v Young (1993)......................................................................................................................147
B.(R) v Children’s Aid Society (1995)................................................................................................147
Ross v New Brunswick School District No. 15 (1996)......................................................................148
Syndicat Northcrest v Amselem (2004)...........................................................................................148
Multani v Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys (2006) .................................................148
Alberta v Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony [2009]..............................................................148
WAIVER OF RELIGIOUS PRACTICE..............................................................................................149
Syndicat Northwest v Amselem [2004]......................................................................................149
Bruker v Marcovitz [2007]...........................................................................................................149
RELIGION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS ...................................................................................................149
Zylberberg v Sudbury Board of Education [1988] .......................................................................149
Canadian Civil Liberties Association v Ontario [1990]................................................................150
DENOMINATIONAL SCHOOLS ....................................................................................................150
Adler v Ontario (1996) ................................................................................................................150
RELIGIOUS MARRIAGE ...............................................................................................................150
Same-Sex Marriage Reference (2004).........................................................................................150
Freedom of Expression s.2(b)...........................................................................................151-165
s.2(b)..........................................................................................................................................151
DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS ........................................................................................................151
Classification of laws...................................................................................................................151
Political Speech...........................................................................................................................151
Provincial Power.........................................................................................................................151
Federal Power.............................................................................................................................151
SECTION 2(b) OF CHARTER..........................................................................................................151
COMPARISON WITH FIRST AMENDMENT ..................................................................................152
REASONS FOR PROTECTING EXPRESSION ..................................................................................152
Irwin Toy v Quebec [1989]..........................................................................................................152
MEANING OF EXPRESSION ........................................................................................................152
Definition of Expression .............................................................................................................152
R v Sharpe (2001)........................................................................................................................152
Criminal expression....................................................................................................................152
Prostitution Reference (1990) .....................................................................................................152
Violence.......................................................................................................................................153
Content neutrality.......................................................................................................................153
R v Keegsta (1990) ......................................................................................................................153
R v Zundel (1992) ........................................................................................................................153
WAYS OF LIMITING EXPRESSION ................................................................................................153
Prior Restraint .............................................................................................................................153
Border control..............................................................................................................................154
Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v Canada (2000)................................................................154
Penal Prohibition .........................................................................................................................154
Canada v Taylor [1990] ...............................................................................................................154
Ross v New Brunswick School District No. 15 [1996] Civil Prohibition .........................................154
Forced expression.........................................................................................................................154
R.J.R.-MacDonald v Canada (1995)...............................................................................................154
Canada v JTI-Macdonald Corp. (2007) ..........................................................................................155
Slaight Communications v Davidson (1989) .................................................................................155
Language requirement..................................................................................................................155
Ford v Quebec (1988) ...................................................................................................................155
Devine v Quebec (1988) ...............................................................................................................155
Search of Press Premises .............................................................................................................155
Time, manner and place...............................................................................................................155
U.C.F.W. v Kmart Canada (1999)..................................................................................................155
Pepsi-Cola Canada Beverages v R.W.D.S.U. (2002)......................................................................155
COMMERICAL EXPRESSION .........................................................................................................156
Protection of Commercial Expression .........................................................................................156
Language Requirements .............................................................................................................156
Advertising restrictions................................................................................................................156
Irwin Toy v Quebec (1989) ...........................................................................................................157
Sings.............................................................................................................................................157
R v Guignard (2002) ....................................................................................................................157
Vann Niagara v Oakville [2003] ..................................................................................................157
Prostitution..................................................................................................................................157
Prostitution Reference (1990) .....................................................................................................157
PICKETING ...................................................................................................................................157
Vancouver Courthouse case (1988) ............................................................................................157
U.C.F.W. v Kmart Canada (1999).................................................................................................157
Pepsi (2002) ................................................................................................................................157
HATE PROPAGANDA....................................................................................................................158
R v Keegstra (1990) ......................................................................................................................158
R v Zundel (1992) ..........................................................................................................................158
DEFAMATION ................................................................................................................................158
Hill v Church of Scientology [1995].................................................................................................158
Cusson v Quan [2007] ...................................................................................................................159
WIC Radio v Simpson [2008] .........................................................................................................159
Neron v Chambre des notaires dy Quebec [2004] ........................................................................160
PORNOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................................160
R v Butler (1992) ...........................................................................................................................160
R v Sharpe (2001) ..........................................................................................................................160
ACCESS TO PUBLIC PROPERTY ......................................................................................................161
Committee for the Commonwealth of Canada v Canada (1991)..................................................161
Ramsden v Peterborough (1993)...................................................................................................161
Montreal v 2952-1366 Quebec (2005) .........................................................................................161
ACCESS TO COURTS .....................................................................................................................162
Fair Trial Concerns .......................................................................................................................162
Restrictions on reporting..............................................................................................................162
Edmonton Journal v Alberta (1989) .............................................................................................163
Canadian Newspapers Co. v Canada (1988).................................................................................162
Dagenais v CBC (1994).................................................................................................................162
R v Mentuck [2001] .....................................................................................................................163
Restriction on Access...................................................................................................................163
Re Southam and the Queen (No.1) (1983) ..................................................................................163
CBC v New Brunswick (1996) ......................................................................................................163
Re Vancouver Sun [2004] ............................................................................................................163
ACCESS TO LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY ............................................................................................164
CONTEMPT OF COURT ................................................................................................................164
R v Kopyto (1987) ........................................................................................................................164
PUBLIC SERVICE ..........................................................................................................................164
OPSEU v Ontario [1986] ..............................................................................................................165
MANDATORY LETTERS OF REFERENCE........................................................................................165
ELECTION EXPENDITURES ...........................................................................................................165
VOTING........................................................................................................................................165
ACCESS TO GOVERNMENT .........................................................................................................165
Life, Liberty and Security of the Person s.7..............................................................166-177
DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS OVER LEGAL RIGHTS .................................................................166
s.1(a), Canadian Bill of Rights ................................................................................................166
s.2(e), Canadian Bill of Rights ................................................................................................166
SECTION 7 OF CHARTER..........................................................................................................166
APPLICATION OF S.1................................................................................................................166
BENEFIT OF S.7 .......................................................................................................................166
Corporation.............................................................................................................................166
Immigrants..............................................................................................................................166
Foetus.....................................................................................................................................166
BURDEN OF S.7........................................................................................................................167
LIFE..........................................................................................................................................167
LIBERTY ...................................................................................................................................167
Physical Liberty........................................................................................................................167
Economic Liberty ....................................................................................................................167
Political Liberty ......................................................................................................................167
SECUTITY OF THE PERSON .....................................................................................................167
Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v Canada (2004) ..............................167
R v Morgentaler (No.2) (1988).................................................................................................168
Chaoulli v Quebec (2005).........................................................................................................168
Rodriguez v British Columbia (1993)........................................................................................168
New Brunswick v G(J) (1999) ...................................................................................................168
Blencoe v BC (2000)..................................................................................................................168
PROPERTY ................................................................................................................................168
FUNDAMENTAL JUSTICE ..........................................................................................................169
Procedure and Substance........................................................................................................169
Definition of fundamental justice............................................................................................169
B.C. Motor Vehicle Reference (1985) ......................................................................................169
Rodriguez v BC (1993) ............................................................................................................169
Wilson v British Columbia (Medical Services Commission) (1988)..........................................169
ABSOLUTE AND STRICKT LIABILITY .........................................................................................170
Categories of Offences ............................................................................................................170
R v City of Sault Ste. Marie (1978) ..........................................................................................170
Absolute liability offences.........................................................................................................170
B.C. Motor Vehicle Reference (1985).......................................................................................170
R v Pontes (1995) ....................................................................................................................170
Rv Hess (1990)...........................................................................................................................170
Strict liability offences...............................................................................................................171
R v Wholesale Travel Group (1991) ...........................................................................................171
MURDER ...................................................................................................................................171
R v Vaillancourt (1987) .............................................................................................................171
UNFORESEEN CONSEQUENCES .................................................................................................171
R v De Sousa [1990] ..................................................................................................................172
INVOLUNTARY ACTS .................................................................................................................172
Automatism ..............................................................................................................................172
R v Stone [1999] ........................................................................................................................172
Duress ......................................................................................................................................172
R v Ruzic [2000] ........................................................................................................................172
Intoxication ..............................................................................................................................172
MacAskill [1931] ....................................................................................................................172
R v Daviault [1994] .................................................................................................................173
R V Robinson [1996] ...............................................................................................................173
OVERBROAD LAWS .................................................................................................................173
R v Heywood [1994] .................................................................................................................173
Ontario v Canadian Pacific [1995] ............................................................................................173
R v Demers [2004] .....................................................................................................................173
DISPROPORTIONATE LAWS .......................................................................................................173
R v Malmo-Levine [2003] ..........................................................................................................173
ARBITRARY LAWS ......................................................................................................................174
Chaoulli v Quebec (2005)...........................................................................................................174
VAGGUE LAWS .........................................................................................................................174
Void for Vagueness ..................................................................................................................174
R v Morales (1992).....................................................................................................................174
Ontario v Canadian Pacific (1995)............................................................................................174
Standard of Precision ..............................................................................................................174
Application to Other Charter Rights ........................................................................................175
WRONG LAWS ..........................................................................................................................175
RIGHT TO SILENCE ....................................................................................................................175
R v Herbert (1990)....................................................................................................................175
R v Broyles (1991) ....................................................................................................................175
R v Fitzpatrick (1995) ...............................................................................................................175
FAIR TRIAL ...............................................................................................................................176
The Right to a Fair Trial ............................................................................................................176
New Brunswick v G(J) ...............................................................................................................176
Full Answer and Defence .........................................................................................................176
R v Cook [1997] ........................................................................................................................176
Pre-trial Disclosure...................................................................................................................176
R v Stinchcombe [1991] ............................................................................................................176
Pre-trial Disclosure by Third Party ............................................................................................177
R v O’Connor [1995]...................................................................................................................177
R v McClure [2001].....................................................................................................................177
Preservation of Evidence ...........................................................................................................177
Statutory Limits on Pre-trial Disclosure.....................................................................................177
Equality Rights s.15.....................................................................................................178-200
DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS ........................................................................................................178
CANADIAN BILL OF RIGHTS .........................................................................................................178
AMERICAN BILL OF RIGHTS..........................................................................................................178
SECTION 15 OF THE CHARTER......................................................................................................178
APPLICATION OF S.15 ..................................................................................................................178
Individual .....................................................................................................................................179
“Law” in s.15.................................................................................................................................179
R v S.(S) [1990]..............................................................................................................................179
Private action................................................................................................................................179
Blainey v Ontario Hockey Association (1986) ...............................................................................179
EQUALITY ......................................................................................................................................180
Four Equalities of s.15...................................................................................................................180
Absolute equality...........................................................................................................................180
Aristotle’s Definition......................................................................................................................180
Similarly Situated ......................................................................................................................180
Formal and Substantive Equality ..............................................................................................180
Reasonable Classification .........................................................................................................180
Valid Federal Objective..............................................................................................................181
Early Application of s.15 ............................................................................................................181
DISCRIMINATION........................................................................................................................182
s.15(1)........................................................................................................................................182
LISTED OR ANALOGOUS GROUNDS ..........................................................................................182
Requirement of a Listed or Analogous Ground ........................................................................182
Andrews v Law Society of BC (1989).........................................................................................182
Addition of analogous grounds.................................................................................................183
HUMAN DIGNITY ......................................................................................................................184
Ambiguity in Andrews ..............................................................................................................184
Impairment of Human Dignity ..................................................................................................184
Law v Canada (1999) ................................................................................................................185
The factor of correspondence....................................................................................................185
Gosselin v Quebec (2002)...........................................................................................................186
Discrimination without Human Dignity .....................................................................................186
R v Kapp [2008]..........................................................................................................................186
Ermineskin Indian Band and Nation v Canada [2009]...............................................................186
DISADVANTAGE .........................................................................................................................187
Selection of comparator group...................................................................................................187
Hodge v Canada (2004) .............................................................................................................187
Auton v BC (2004).......................................................................................................................188
Requirement of Disadvantage ...................................................................................................188
Thibaudeau v Canada [1995] ....................................................................................................188
Eaton v Brant County Board of Education (1997)......................................................................188
Objective and Subjective Disadvantage ...................................................................................189
Egan v Canada [1995]..............................................................................................................189
McKinney v University of Guelph [1990]...................................................................................189
Human Dignity and Disadvantage ..........................................................................................189
Group disadvantage.................................................................................................................190
R v Turpin (1989) .....................................................................................................................190
R v Hess (1990) ........................................................................................................................190
History......................................................................................................................................191
DIRECT AND INDIRECT DISCRIMINATION ...............................................................................191
Substantive Equality ...............................................................................................................191
Unintended Discrimination .....................................................................................................192
Reasonable accommodation...................................................................................................192
JUSTIFICATION UNDER S.1 ......................................................................................................192
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION .............................................................................................................193
s.15(2)......................................................................................................................................193
DISCRIMINATION PERMITTED BY CONSTITUTION ...................................................................193
Age in ss. 23, 29, 99..................................................................................................................193
Race in s.91(24)........................................................................................................................193
R v Drybones (1969) .................................................................................................................193
Ermineskin Indian Band and Nation v Canada [2009] .............................................................194.
Religion in s.93.........................................................................................................................194
Ontario Separate School Funding case (1987).........................................................................194
Adler v Ontario (1996) ............................................................................................................194
Province of residence in ss.91,92.......................................................................................194
Citizenship in s.6.................................................................................................................194
Language in ss.16-23..........................................................................................................194
RACE ...................................................................................................................................195
RELIGION ............................................................................................................................195
Alta v Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony [2009]............................................................195
SEX......................................................................................................................................195
Direct discrimination..........................................................................................................195
Weatherall v Canada (1993)..............................................................................................195
Benner v Canada (1997) ....................................................................................................195
Trociuk v BC (2003).............................................................................................................195
Newfoundland v N.A.P.E [2004]..........................................................................................196
Systemic Discrimination ....................................................................................................196
Symes v Canada [1993] ......................................................................................................196
SECTION 28.........................................................................................................................196
AGE.....................................................................................................................................196
Gosselin v Quebec (2002) ..................................................................................................197
Tetreault-Gadoury v Canada (1991) .................................................................................197
MENTAL OR PHYSICAL DISABILITY ....................................................................................197
Wynberg v Ontario [2006] -..............................................................................................197
Granovsky v Canada (2000)..............................................................................................197
Nova Scotia v Martin (2003).............................................................................................198
Eldridge v BC (1997) .........................................................................................................198
CITIZENSHIP......................................................................................................................198
MARITAL STATUS .............................................................................................................198
Miron v Trudel (1995) ......................................................................................................198
SEXUAL ORIENTATION ......................................................................................................199
M v H (1999) ....................................................................................................................199
PLACE OF RESIDENCE .......................................................................................................199
Corbiere v Canada (1999) ................................................................................................199
R v S.(S) (1990) .................................................................................................................199
OCCUPATION ...................................................................................................................200
Dunmore v Ontario [2001] ...............................................................................................200
Health Service Bargaining Case [2007] .............................................................................200
Remedies s.24(1), s.52(1)....................................................................................201-209
SUPREMACY CLAUSE .........................................................................................................201
Section 52(1) ......................................................................................................................201
Section 24(1) .....................................................................................................................201
Nullification .......................................................................................................................202
Temporary validity .............................................................................................................202
Re Manitoba Language Rights (1985) ................................................................................202
Schachter v Canada (1992) .................................................................................................202
Severance ...........................................................................................................................203
Tetreault-Gadoury ..............................................................................................................203
Reading in ...........................................................................................................................203
Miron v Trudel (1995)..........................................................................................................203
Vriend v Albert (1998) .........................................................................................................203
Issues with “reading in”.......................................................................................................203
Schachter v Canada (1992]..................................................................................................203
Reading Down.....................................................................................................................204
Constitutional Exemption ...................................................................................................204
Reconstruction ....................................................................................................................204
Section 24(1) .......................................................................................................................205
Applicable to Charter Only ..................................................................................................205
Non-exclusive Remedy .........................................................................................................205
R v Demers [2004] ................................................................................................................205
Standing...............................................................................................................................205
R v Big M Drug Mart [1985] .................................................................................................206
Minister of Justice v Borowski (1981) ..................................................................................206
Apprehended infringements................................................................................................206
Court of competent jurisdiction...........................................................................................206
Weber v Ontario Hydro (1995).............................................................................................206
Mooring v Canada (1996)....................................................................................................207
R v 974649 [2001] ...............................................................................................................207
Range of Remedies ..............................................................................................................207
Supervision of court order...................................................................................................207
Doucet-Boudreau v Nova Scotia (2003)................................................................................207
Abdelrazik v Canada [2009]..................................................................................................208
Appeals ................................................................................................................................208
ADMINISTATIVE TRIBUNALS ................................................................................................208
With power to decide questions of law...............................................................................208
Douglas College (1990) .......................................................................................................208
Cuddy Chicks v Ontario [1991] .............................................................................................208
Nova Scotia v Martin (2003) .................................................................................................209
Paul v BC (2003)....................................................................................................................209
Without Power to Decide Questions of Law.........................................................................209
Preliminary inquiry judge......................................................................................................209
R v Seaboyer (1991) .............................................................................................................209
SCRUTINY BY MINISTER OF JUSTICE......................................................................................209
LEGISLATIVE ENFORCEMENT ................................................................................................209