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FOUNDATIONS OF CANADIAN LAW
INDEX
PART 1: SETTING THE STAGE ..................................1-35
BASIC THEORIES OF LAW (Ch 2. Pg.7-47).............................................1-10
LEGAL THEORY IN RELATION TO PUBLIC LAW.............................1-10
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................1
POSITIVISM AND NATURAL LAW.................................................................................1
Legal Positivism .......................................................................................................1
Natural Law Theory .................................................................................................1
Re Drummond Wren [1945] ....................................................................................2
Re Noble and Wolf [1948] .......................................................................................2
FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES ON LAW.............................................................................3
Introduction...............................................................................................................3
Early Formalist Feminism ........................................................................................3
Edwards v AG Canada [1930] .................................................................................3
CONTEMPORARY FEMINISM.......................................................................................4
R v Morgentaler [1988] ..........................................................................................5
CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES...........................................................................................6
Introduction..............................................................................................................6
Judging with CLS: A Case Study............................................................................6
R v R.D.S [1997] ....................................................................................................6
LAW AND ECONOMICS..................................................................................................7
Introduction.............................................................................................................7
Public Law and Economic Theory..........................................................................8
Overview ....................................................................................................8
Examples.....................................................................................................8
Duncan Estate v Baddeley [1997] .............................................................8
Bhadauria v Board of Governors of Seneca College of Applied Arts and
Technology [1979] .....................................................................................9
Bhadauria v Board of Governors of Seneca College of Applied Arts and
Technology [1981].....................................................................................10
SOURCES OF LAW (Ch.2 Pg.47-87).........................................................11-23
CANADIAN LEGAL INHERITANCES ................................................11-23
LAW FROM HISTORY, CUSTOM, AND TRADITION..........................................11
Law and Aboriginal Peoples............................................................................11
Mitchell v Canada (Minister of National Revenue – MNR) [2001]...............11
Delgamuukw v British Columbia [1997] ........................................................12
The Test for the Proof of Aboriginal Title...............................................12
Canada’s Common and Civil Law Traditions...................................................12
Reception of European Law..................................................................12
Cooper v Stuart [1889]........................................................................13
Nature of the Common and Civil Law.................................................14
The Operation of Common Law and Precedent ...................................14
Canada Trust Co. v Ontario Human Rights Commission [1990]......15
Common Law and Equity .....................................................................15
Re v DeLaurier [1934] .........................................................................16
Guerin v Canada [1984] ......................................................................16
K.L.B v British Columbia [2003] .........................................................17
INTERNATIONAL LAW............................................................................................18
Law Commission of Canada, Crossing Borders: Law in a Globalized World (2006)........18
Customary International Law Reception and Legitimacy...............................................20
The Incorporation of Customary International Law...........................................20
Issues Raised by the Incorporation of Customary International Law.................20
STATUTORY LAW.........................................................................................................21
Introduction..........................................................................................................21
Statutes and the Common Law.............................................................................21
Bhadauria v Board of Governors of Seneca College of Applied Arts and
Technology [1979]...............................................................................................21
Bhadauria v Board of Governors of Seneca College of Applied Arts and
Technology [1981]...............................................................................................21
Complexity in Canadian Law Making ................................................................22
Halpern v Canada (AG) [2003] ..........................................................................23
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CANADIAN LEGAL SYSTEM
(Ch.3 Pg. 89-129).............................................................................................24-36
CONSTITUTIONALISM IN CANADA..............................................24-31
THE PRINCIPLE OF THE RULE OF LAW.................................................................25
Roncarelli v Duplessis [1959] ..............................................................................25
WHAT COMPRISES THE CONSTITUTION OF CANADA.........................................26
Reference re Sucession of Quebec [1998].............................................................26
British Columbia v Imperial Tobacco Canada Ltd. [2005] .................................28
The Patriation Reference [1981]..........................................................................29
THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSTITUTIONAL SUPREMACY.........................................29
Reference re Sucession of Quebec [1998] ...........................................................30
CONSTITUTIONAL SUPREMACY AND HUMAN RIGHTS LAWS..........................31
THE EXERCISE OF PUBLIC POWER IN CANADA............................31-36
THE SEPERATION-OF-POWERS DOCTRINE.............................................................31
LEGISLATIVE POWER....................................................................................................32
The Principle of Parliamentary Supremacy..........................................................32
Babcock v Canada (Attorney General) [2002] ....................................................33
The Constitutionality of Section 39.......................................................................34
The Principle of Federalism.................................................................................34
Overview
Reference re Sucession of Quebec [1998] ................................................34
Federalism and Human Rights Legislation ................................................34
EXECUTIVE POWER.......................................................................................................34
JUDICIAL POWER...........................................................................................................35
The Judiciary’s Constitutional Law Jurisdiction..................................................35
The Judiciary’s Administrative Law Jurisdiction................................................35
The Principle of Judicial Independence................................................................35
PART 2: THE KEY ACTORS IN PUBLIC LAW................37-90
BASIC ARCHITECTURE, AND WORKINGS, OF THE CANADIAN
LEGAL SYSTEM (Ch. 4)..............................................................................37-51
STRUCTURE AND OPERATION OF PARLIAMENT........................37-44
CONSTITUENT PARTS OF THE PARLIAMENT OF CANADA................................37
The Monarch and Governor General.....................................................................37
Selecting the Monarch................................................................................37
O’Donohue v The Queen [2003] ..............................................................37
Senate......................................................................................................................39
Brown v Alberta [1999] .............................................................................40
Samson v Attorney General of Canada [1998] ........................................40
House of Commons................................................................................................41
Elections Canada, Canada’s Electoral System (2001).........................................................41
Figueroa v Canada [2003].........................................................................41
BRINGING THE CONSTITUENT ELEMENT OF PARLIAMENT TOGETHER......42
Summoning.............................................................................................................42
House of Commons, Precis of Procedure (2003)................................................................43
Prorogation ............................................................................................................43
House of Commons, Precis of Procedure (2003)................................................................43
Dissolution..............................................................................................................43
Special Committee on the Reform of the House of Commons, Report (1985)..................43
KEY ACTORS IN PARLIAMENT.......................................................44-45
POLITICAL PARTIES....................................................................................................44
THE SPEAKER................................................................................................................44
House of Commons, Precis of Procesure (2003)...............................................................44
PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEES...............................................................................44
House of Commons, Precis of Procedure (2003)...............................................................45
PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE.........................................................45-51
SOURCES OF PARLIAMENTARY LAW.......................................................................45
Constitutional and Legislative Basis: Parliamentary Privilege.............................45
Canada (House of Commons) v Vaid [2005]............................................45
Standing Orders......................................................................................................46
PARLIAMENTARY LAW MAKING................................................................................46
The Scope of Parliament’s Law-Making Jurisdiction.............................................46
The Power to Pass Bad Law.....................................................................46
Bacon v Saskatchewan Crop Insurance Corp. [1999] ..........................46
Turner v Canada [1992] .........................................................................47
Wells v Newfoundland [1999] ................................................................48
The Power To Follow Unfair Procedures ................................................49
Authorson v Canada (Attorney General) [2003] ...................................49
Ethics in Law Making ..............................................................................51
Margaret Young, Conflict-of-Interest Rules for Federal Legislators (2003)......................51
Conflict of Interest Code for Members of the House of Commons (2004)......................51
Parliament’s Law-Making Procedure .............................................................51
House of Commons, Precis of Procedure (2003)..............................................................51
BASIC ARCHITECTURE, AND WORKINGS, OF THE CANADIAN
LEGAL SYSTEM (Ch.5).................................................................................52-78
THE RISE OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE STATE IN CANADA......52-52
Law Reform Commission of Canada “Independent Administrative Agencies” (1980)...........52
THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH DEFINED...................................................52-64
THE CROWN......................................................................................................................53
THE PRIME MINISTER AND CABINET.......................................................................53
THE PUBLIC SERVICE....................................................................................................54
Fraser v Canada (Public Service Staff Relations Board) [1985]...........................54
INDEPENDENT ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES........................................................56
Ocean Port Hotel Ltd. v British Columbia (General Manager, Liquor Control and Licensing Branch) [2001]........................................................................................57
CROWN CORPORATIONS................................................................................................58
MUNICIPALITIES.............................................................................................................58
Shell Canada Products Ltd. v Vancouver (City) [1994].........................................59
ENFORCEMENT BODIES: POLICE AND PROSECUTORS ......................................60
R v Campbell [1999]................................................................................................61
Krieger v Law Society (Alberta) [2002] ..................................................................63
SOURCES OF EXECUTIVE POWER......................................................64-67
PREROGATIVE POWERS .............................................................................................64
Black v Chretien [2001] .......................................................................................64
STATUTORY POWERS...................................................................................................65
Re Gray [1918] .................................................................................................65
A-G NS v A-G Can. (Nova Scotia Inter-delegation) [1951]............................66
THE NATURE AND FUNCTION OF DELEGATED POWERS...........67-69
RULE MAKING..............................................................................................................67
Government of Canada, Guide to Making Federal Acts and Regulations (2001)............67
DISPUTE RESOLUTION...............................................................................................68
BENEFIT OR OBLIGATION DETERMINATION .....................................................68
ENFORCEMENT DECISIONS......................................................................................69
OVERLAPPING FUNCTIONS ......................................................................................69
LIMITS ON THE EXERCISE OF DELEGATED AUTHORITY.........69-78
CONTROLLING JURISDICTION: SUBSTANTIVE ULTRA VIRES.........................70
CONTROLLING PROCEDURES: THE DUTY TO BE FAIR......................................71
Knight v Indian Head of School Division No.19 [1990]......................................71
Nature of the decision to be made by the administrative body
(a)Administrative vs. Legislative use of power
(b) Final decision maker
Relationship existing between that body and the individual
Effect of that decision on the individual's rights (privileges / interests)
Baker v Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) [1999].......................72
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CONTENT OF THE DUTY OF FAIRNESS....................72
The nature of the decision being made and the process followed in making it..................72
The nature of the statutory scheme and the terms of the statute pursuant to which the body operates..............................................................................................................................73
The importance of the decision to the individual(s) affected.............................................73
The legitimate expectations of the person challenging the decision..................................73
Take into account and respect the choices of procedure made by the agency itself..........73
LEGITIMATE EXPECTATIONS.........................................................................73
PATICIPATORY RIGHTS....................................................................................73
THE PROVISION OF REASONS.........................................................................74
Importance of giving reasons (Reference re Remuneration of Judges of the Provincial Court of Prince Edward Island, [1997] ).....................................................................................74
Concerns about giving reasons (Osmond).........................................................................74
REASONABLE APPREHENSION OF BIAS.......................................................75
Test for Reasonable Apprehension of Bias (Committee for Justice and Liberty v National Energy Board (1978))........................................................................................................75
CONTROLLING DISCRETON: BAD FAITH, IMPROPER PURPOSES, AND
IRRELEVANT CONSIDERATIONS...............................................................................75
Equity Waste Management of Canada Corp. v Halton Hills (Town) [1997].......76
Baker v Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) [1999].......................76
BASIC ARCHITECTURE, AND WORKINGS, OF THE CANADIAN
LEGAL SYSTEM (Ch.6)..............................................................................79-90
STRUCTURE OF THE CANADIAN COURT SYSTEM.......................79-80
CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF THE JUDICIARY........................................79
OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT CANADIAN COURT SYSTEM..............................80
Department of Justice of Canada, Canadian Court System (2005)....................................80
JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS.................................................................80-83
A RANGE OF MODELS................................................................................................80
US Department of Justice, State Court Organization 1998.............................................81
PROVINCIAL JUDICIAL APPOINTMENT PROCESS.............................................81
FEDERAL JUDICIAL APPOINTMENT PROCESS.....................................................81
Non-Supreme Court of Canada Appointment.....................................................................81
Overview.................................................................................................................81
Office of the Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs, Federal Judicial Appointments Process: Guide for Candidates (2005) ...............................................................................81
Criticisms of the Non-Supreme Court Federal Appointment Process....................81
Standing Committee on Justice, Human Rights, Public Safety, and Emergency Preparedness, Report 18 – Study on the Process for Appointment to the Federal Judiciary (Nov 2005)....82
Supreme Court Appointments..............................................................................................82
Minister of Justice, Proposal To Reform the Supreme Courts of Canada Appointment Process (2005).................................................................................................................................82
JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE...................................................................83-90
SOURCES AND SCOPE....................................................................................................83
Reference re Remuneration of Judges of the Provincial Court of Prince Edward Island et al. (the “Provincial Judges Reference”) [1997] ...................................84
ASSESSING INDEPENDENCE.......................................................................................85
DIMENSIONS AND CORE CHARACTERISTICS........................................................85
Security of Tenure...............................................................................................................85
Canadian Judicial Council, About the CJC (2006)................................................................85
Report of the Canadian Judicial Council to the Minister of Justice Under Section 63(1) of the Judges Act Concerning the Conduct of Mr. Justice Jean Bienvenue of the Superior Court of Quebec in R v T Theberge (1996)........................................................................................86
Financial Security................................................................................................................86
Reference re Remuneration of Judges of the Provincial Court of Prince Edward Island et al. (the “Provincial Judges Reference”) [1997].......................................86
Provincial Court Judges’ Assn. of New Brunswick v New Brunswick (Minister of Justice); Ontario Judges’ Assn. v Ontario (Management Board); Bodner v Alberta; Conference des juges du Quebec v Quebec (Attorney General); Minc v Quebec (Attorney General) [2005] ......................................................................................88
Administrative Independence................................................................................................89
Canada (Minister Citizenship and Immigration) v Tobiass [1997]........................89
PART III: INTERPLAY BETWEEN THE COURTS AND THE POLITICAL BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT ............91-185
BASIC ARCHITECTURE, AND WORKINGS, OF THE CANADIAN
LEGAL SYSTEM (Ch.7)..............................................................................91-109
OVERVIEW OF STATUTORY INTERPRETATION...........................92-94
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................94
SOURCE OF INTERPRETATION LAW.....................................................................92
Interpretation Acts...........................................................................................................92
Interpretation Rules in Acts and Regulations..................................................................93
Common Law Rules.........................................................................................................93
Ruth Sullivan, Sullivan and Driedger on the Construction of Statutes (2002).................93
RANGE OF INTERPRETATION ISSUES..................................................................94
Table 1: Issues Arising in Statutory Interpretation..........................................................94
AN OVERVIEW OF THE RULES OF STATUTORY INTERPRETATION..................................................................................95-101
RULES ABOUT MEANING.......................................................................................95
Ordinary meaning rule......................................................................................95
Technical meaning rule.....................................................................................95
Shared meaning rule..........................................................................................95
Original meaning rule.......................................................................................95
Plausible meaning rule......................................................................................95
Re Witts and Attorney General for British Columbia [1982] ........................95
PRESUMPTIONS RELIED ON TO ANALYZE THE MEANING OF A TEXT....96
Straightforward expression..............................................................................96
Uniform expression..........................................................................................96
No tautology/no redundancy (“the legislature does not legislate in vain”)......96
Internal coherence............................................................................................96
Implied exclusion.............................................................................................96
Associated words .............................................................................................96
Limited class.....................................................................................................96
The legislature would have said “x”.................................................................96
R v Daoust [2004]...........................................................................................97
PURPOSE AND SCHEME ANALYSIS.....................................................................98
Legislative purpose............................................................................................98
Interpretation Acts.............................................................................................98
Legislative scheme............................................................................................98
R v Chartrand [1994] ......................................................................................98
MISTAKE AND GAPS IN THE LEGISLATIVE SCHEME .................................100
Corrigible mistakes.........................................................................................100
Incorrigible gaps.............................................................................................100
Supplementing legislation by reliance on common law or civil law..............100
PRESUMPTIONS OF LEGISLAITVE INTENT ...................................................100
AVOIDING ABSURDITY ........................................................................................101
RELATION TO OTHER LEGISLATIVE AND OTHER SOURCES OF LAW ....101
EXTRINSIC AIDS.....................................................................................................101
SOME ILLUSTRATIONS.......................................................................101-109
R v McIntosh [1995] .....................................................................................................101
Re Rizzo and Rizzo Shoes Ltd. [1998]..........................................................................104
Medovarski v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) [2005] ................107
Canada (Attorney General) v Mossop [1993] .............................................................108
BASIC ARCHITECTURE, AND WORKINGS, OF THE CANADIAN
LEGAL SYSTEM (Ch.8) ............................................................................110-132
THE ROLE OF CONSTITUTIONAL JUDICIAL REVIEW IN A DEMOCRATIVE SOCIETY....................................................................110-120
THE JUSTIFICATION FOR CONSTITUTIONAL JUDICIAL REVIEW.................110
Marbury v Madision [1803] ................................................................................110
THE LIMITATIONS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW...........................................................112
The Issue of Justiciability ...............................................................................................112
Operation Dismantle v The Queen [1985] ........................................................113
The Issue of Enforcement.................................................................................................113
Doucet-Boudreau v Nova Scotia (Minister of Education) [2003] ...................113
Reference re Language Rights Under Section 23 of Manitoba Act 1870 and Section 133 of Constitution Act 1867 [1985] ...............................................................115
The Issue of Legitimacy.................................................................................................115
Vriend v Alberta [1998] ....................................................................................115
Remarks of the Right Honourable Beverly McLachlin PC Respecting Democratic
Roles (2004) .................................................................................................................119
Reference re Remuneration of Judges of the Provincial Court of Prince Edward
[1997] ...............................................................................................................119
DIFFERENT SORTS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW OF LEGISLATIVE ACTION.................................................................................................120-126
UNWRITTEN CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES ....................................................121
Bell Canada v Canadian Telephone Employees Association [2003] ...............121
THE CONSTITUTION ACT, 1867...............................................................................123
Qu-Appelle Indian Residential School Council v Canada (Canadian Human Rights Tribunal) [1988]..................................................................................................123
THE CANADIAN CHARTER OF RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS................................124
Canada (Human Rights Commission) v Taylor [1990] ...................................124
JUDICIAL REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION...............126-132
STANDARDS OF REVIEW...........................................................................................127
Dr Q v College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia [2003] ........127
Dunsmuir v New Brunswick (2008)...................................................................127
Reasonableness standard..........................................................................129
Correctness standard.................................................................................129
THE STANDARD OF REVIEW IN OPERATION .....................................................130
MacLean v Canada (Human Rights Commission) [2003] ...............................131
Quigley v Ocean Construction Supplies Ltd. [2004] ........................................131
RELATIONSHIP OF ABORIGINAL PEOPLES TO THE
CANADIAN STATE: SELECTED TOPICS...........................................133-185
Aboriginal Peoples and Treaty Rights s.91(2), s.25, s.35...............133-143
FEDERAL LEGISLATIVE POWER.............................................................................133
Section 91(24)......................................................................................................133
Indians.................................................................................................................133
s.25......................................................................................................................133
s.35......................................................................................................................133
s.88 Indian Act ...................................................................................................133
Lands Reserved for Indians ...............................................................................134
Canadian Bill of Rights......................................................................................134
R v Drybones (1969) .............................................................................134
Charter of Rights................................................................................................134
Corbiere .................................................................................................134
Treaties ..............................................................................................................134
PROVINCIAL LEGISLATIVE POWER ....................................................................134
Application of provincial laws...........................................................................134
R v Hill (1907) ......................................................................................134
R v Francis (1988) ...............................................................................134
Singling out........................................................................................................135
Indianess.............................................................................................................135
Paul v BC (2003)....................................................................................135
Paramountcy.......................................................................................................135
Natural Resources Agreements..........................................................................135
s.35.....................................................................................................................135
SECTION 88 OF INDIAN ACT ..................................................................................135
Text of s.88.........................................................................................................135
Laws of General Application ............................................................................135
Dick v The Queen [1985] .....................................................................135
Paramountcy Exception ....................................................................................136
Treaty Exception ...............................................................................................136
NATURAL RESOURCES AGREEMENTS...............................................................136
ABORIGINAL RIGHTS ..............................................................................................136
Recognition of aboriginal rights........................................................................136
*Guerin v The Queen [1984].................................................................136
R v Sparrow [1990]................................................................................136
Definition of aboriginal rights...........................................................................136
R v Van der Peet (1996)........................................................................137
R v Gladstone (1996) ............................................................................137
Mitchell v Minister of National Revenue (2001) ................................137
R v Sappier (2006) ................................................................................137
R v Powley (2003) ..........................................................................137
Aboriginal self-government.........................................................................137
R v Pamajewon (1996)....................................................................137
Aboriginal Title ...........................................................................................138
Delgamuuk v British Columbia [1997] .........................................138
Extinguishment of Aboriginal Rights...........................................................138
TREATY RIGHTS ................................................................................................138
Introduction ................................................................................................138
History ........................................................................................................138
Definition of treaty......................................................................................138
Simon v The Queen (1985).............................................................138
Nowegijick v The Queen (1983) .....................................................138
Interpretation of Treating Rights ................................................................139
Marshall 3 (2005) ...........................................................................139
R v Morris (2006) ............................................................................139
Extinguishment of rights...............................................................................139
THE NEED FOR CONSTITUIONAL PROTECTION ........................................139
SECTION 35............................................................................................................139
Text of s.35...................................................................................................139
Outside Charter of Rights ...........................................................................139
“Aboriginal peoples of Canada”.................................................................140
R v Powley [2003]............................................................................140
“Aboriginal and Treaty Rights” ..................................................................140
“Existing”.....................................................................................................140
R v Sparrow (1990)..........................................................................140
“Recognized and Affirmed”.........................................................................140
Sparrow.............................................................................................140
R v Gladstone (1996).......................................................................141
Application to Treaty Rights.........................................................................141
R v Badger [1996] ............................................................................141
*R v Marshall [1999] .......................................................................141
Application to Extinguishment .....................................................................141
Sparrow ............................................................................................141
Application to Provincial Laws.....................................................................141
R v Badger [1996] ............................................................................142
Duty to consult aboriginal people.................................................................142
Haida Nation v BC (2004)...............................................................142
SECTION 25.............................................................................................................142
Corbiere v Canada (1999) ............................................................................142
SECTION 35.1 CONSTITUION ............................................................................142
ADDITIONAL CASES FOR SECTION 5: INDEX
Aboriginal Rights...................................................................................144-148
R v Sparrow [1990].....................................................................................144
R v Van der Peet (1996...............................................................................144
R v Sappier (2006) .....................................................................................144
R v Gray [2006]...........................................................................................145
R v Powley [2003] ......................................................................................145
Haida Nation v British Columbia (Minister of Forests) [2004].......................146
Taku River Tlingit First Columbia (Project Assessment Director) [2004]........147
Aboriginal Title........................................................................................148-
Delgamuukw v British Columbia [1997] ..........................................................148
Tsilhqot'in Nation v British Columbia [2007......................................................149
Aboriginal Title.......................................................................................150-165
Nature of Aboriginal Title..........................................................150
Test for Aboriginal Title.............................................................158
Infringement of Aboriginal Title............................................................165-169
General Principles......................................................................165
Application................................................................................168
Justification of Infringement of Aboriginal Title...................................169-175
General Principles.....................................................................170
Compelling and Substantial Legislative Objective....................170
Honour of the Crown................................................................172
Duty to Consult.........................................................................173
Application...............................................................................175
Aboriginal Treaties..............................................................................178-185
R v Marshall [1999] ........................................................................................178
R v Bernard [2005] ..........................................................................................178
INDEX
PART 1: SETTING THE STAGE ..................................1-35
BASIC THEORIES OF LAW (Ch 2. Pg.7-47).............................................1-10
LEGAL THEORY IN RELATION TO PUBLIC LAW.............................1-10
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................1
POSITIVISM AND NATURAL LAW.................................................................................1
Legal Positivism .......................................................................................................1
Natural Law Theory .................................................................................................1
Re Drummond Wren [1945] ....................................................................................2
Re Noble and Wolf [1948] .......................................................................................2
FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES ON LAW.............................................................................3
Introduction...............................................................................................................3
Early Formalist Feminism ........................................................................................3
Edwards v AG Canada [1930] .................................................................................3
CONTEMPORARY FEMINISM.......................................................................................4
R v Morgentaler [1988] ..........................................................................................5
CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES...........................................................................................6
Introduction..............................................................................................................6
Judging with CLS: A Case Study............................................................................6
R v R.D.S [1997] ....................................................................................................6
LAW AND ECONOMICS..................................................................................................7
Introduction.............................................................................................................7
Public Law and Economic Theory..........................................................................8
Overview ....................................................................................................8
Examples.....................................................................................................8
Duncan Estate v Baddeley [1997] .............................................................8
Bhadauria v Board of Governors of Seneca College of Applied Arts and
Technology [1979] .....................................................................................9
Bhadauria v Board of Governors of Seneca College of Applied Arts and
Technology [1981].....................................................................................10
SOURCES OF LAW (Ch.2 Pg.47-87).........................................................11-23
CANADIAN LEGAL INHERITANCES ................................................11-23
LAW FROM HISTORY, CUSTOM, AND TRADITION..........................................11
Law and Aboriginal Peoples............................................................................11
Mitchell v Canada (Minister of National Revenue – MNR) [2001]...............11
Delgamuukw v British Columbia [1997] ........................................................12
The Test for the Proof of Aboriginal Title...............................................12
Canada’s Common and Civil Law Traditions...................................................12
Reception of European Law..................................................................12
Cooper v Stuart [1889]........................................................................13
Nature of the Common and Civil Law.................................................14
The Operation of Common Law and Precedent ...................................14
Canada Trust Co. v Ontario Human Rights Commission [1990]......15
Common Law and Equity .....................................................................15
Re v DeLaurier [1934] .........................................................................16
Guerin v Canada [1984] ......................................................................16
K.L.B v British Columbia [2003] .........................................................17
INTERNATIONAL LAW............................................................................................18
Law Commission of Canada, Crossing Borders: Law in a Globalized World (2006)........18
Customary International Law Reception and Legitimacy...............................................20
The Incorporation of Customary International Law...........................................20
Issues Raised by the Incorporation of Customary International Law.................20
STATUTORY LAW.........................................................................................................21
Introduction..........................................................................................................21
Statutes and the Common Law.............................................................................21
Bhadauria v Board of Governors of Seneca College of Applied Arts and
Technology [1979]...............................................................................................21
Bhadauria v Board of Governors of Seneca College of Applied Arts and
Technology [1981]...............................................................................................21
Complexity in Canadian Law Making ................................................................22
Halpern v Canada (AG) [2003] ..........................................................................23
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CANADIAN LEGAL SYSTEM
(Ch.3 Pg. 89-129).............................................................................................24-36
CONSTITUTIONALISM IN CANADA..............................................24-31
THE PRINCIPLE OF THE RULE OF LAW.................................................................25
Roncarelli v Duplessis [1959] ..............................................................................25
WHAT COMPRISES THE CONSTITUTION OF CANADA.........................................26
Reference re Sucession of Quebec [1998].............................................................26
British Columbia v Imperial Tobacco Canada Ltd. [2005] .................................28
The Patriation Reference [1981]..........................................................................29
THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSTITUTIONAL SUPREMACY.........................................29
Reference re Sucession of Quebec [1998] ...........................................................30
CONSTITUTIONAL SUPREMACY AND HUMAN RIGHTS LAWS..........................31
THE EXERCISE OF PUBLIC POWER IN CANADA............................31-36
THE SEPERATION-OF-POWERS DOCTRINE.............................................................31
LEGISLATIVE POWER....................................................................................................32
The Principle of Parliamentary Supremacy..........................................................32
Babcock v Canada (Attorney General) [2002] ....................................................33
The Constitutionality of Section 39.......................................................................34
The Principle of Federalism.................................................................................34
Overview
Reference re Sucession of Quebec [1998] ................................................34
Federalism and Human Rights Legislation ................................................34
EXECUTIVE POWER.......................................................................................................34
JUDICIAL POWER...........................................................................................................35
The Judiciary’s Constitutional Law Jurisdiction..................................................35
The Judiciary’s Administrative Law Jurisdiction................................................35
The Principle of Judicial Independence................................................................35
PART 2: THE KEY ACTORS IN PUBLIC LAW................37-90
BASIC ARCHITECTURE, AND WORKINGS, OF THE CANADIAN
LEGAL SYSTEM (Ch. 4)..............................................................................37-51
STRUCTURE AND OPERATION OF PARLIAMENT........................37-44
CONSTITUENT PARTS OF THE PARLIAMENT OF CANADA................................37
The Monarch and Governor General.....................................................................37
Selecting the Monarch................................................................................37
O’Donohue v The Queen [2003] ..............................................................37
Senate......................................................................................................................39
Brown v Alberta [1999] .............................................................................40
Samson v Attorney General of Canada [1998] ........................................40
House of Commons................................................................................................41
Elections Canada, Canada’s Electoral System (2001).........................................................41
Figueroa v Canada [2003].........................................................................41
BRINGING THE CONSTITUENT ELEMENT OF PARLIAMENT TOGETHER......42
Summoning.............................................................................................................42
House of Commons, Precis of Procedure (2003)................................................................43
Prorogation ............................................................................................................43
House of Commons, Precis of Procedure (2003)................................................................43
Dissolution..............................................................................................................43
Special Committee on the Reform of the House of Commons, Report (1985)..................43
KEY ACTORS IN PARLIAMENT.......................................................44-45
POLITICAL PARTIES....................................................................................................44
THE SPEAKER................................................................................................................44
House of Commons, Precis of Procesure (2003)...............................................................44
PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEES...............................................................................44
House of Commons, Precis of Procedure (2003)...............................................................45
PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE.........................................................45-51
SOURCES OF PARLIAMENTARY LAW.......................................................................45
Constitutional and Legislative Basis: Parliamentary Privilege.............................45
Canada (House of Commons) v Vaid [2005]............................................45
Standing Orders......................................................................................................46
PARLIAMENTARY LAW MAKING................................................................................46
The Scope of Parliament’s Law-Making Jurisdiction.............................................46
The Power to Pass Bad Law.....................................................................46
Bacon v Saskatchewan Crop Insurance Corp. [1999] ..........................46
Turner v Canada [1992] .........................................................................47
Wells v Newfoundland [1999] ................................................................48
The Power To Follow Unfair Procedures ................................................49
Authorson v Canada (Attorney General) [2003] ...................................49
Ethics in Law Making ..............................................................................51
Margaret Young, Conflict-of-Interest Rules for Federal Legislators (2003)......................51
Conflict of Interest Code for Members of the House of Commons (2004)......................51
Parliament’s Law-Making Procedure .............................................................51
House of Commons, Precis of Procedure (2003)..............................................................51
BASIC ARCHITECTURE, AND WORKINGS, OF THE CANADIAN
LEGAL SYSTEM (Ch.5).................................................................................52-78
THE RISE OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE STATE IN CANADA......52-52
Law Reform Commission of Canada “Independent Administrative Agencies” (1980)...........52
THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH DEFINED...................................................52-64
THE CROWN......................................................................................................................53
THE PRIME MINISTER AND CABINET.......................................................................53
THE PUBLIC SERVICE....................................................................................................54
Fraser v Canada (Public Service Staff Relations Board) [1985]...........................54
INDEPENDENT ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES........................................................56
Ocean Port Hotel Ltd. v British Columbia (General Manager, Liquor Control and Licensing Branch) [2001]........................................................................................57
CROWN CORPORATIONS................................................................................................58
MUNICIPALITIES.............................................................................................................58
Shell Canada Products Ltd. v Vancouver (City) [1994].........................................59
ENFORCEMENT BODIES: POLICE AND PROSECUTORS ......................................60
R v Campbell [1999]................................................................................................61
Krieger v Law Society (Alberta) [2002] ..................................................................63
SOURCES OF EXECUTIVE POWER......................................................64-67
PREROGATIVE POWERS .............................................................................................64
Black v Chretien [2001] .......................................................................................64
STATUTORY POWERS...................................................................................................65
Re Gray [1918] .................................................................................................65
A-G NS v A-G Can. (Nova Scotia Inter-delegation) [1951]............................66
THE NATURE AND FUNCTION OF DELEGATED POWERS...........67-69
RULE MAKING..............................................................................................................67
Government of Canada, Guide to Making Federal Acts and Regulations (2001)............67
DISPUTE RESOLUTION...............................................................................................68
BENEFIT OR OBLIGATION DETERMINATION .....................................................68
ENFORCEMENT DECISIONS......................................................................................69
OVERLAPPING FUNCTIONS ......................................................................................69
LIMITS ON THE EXERCISE OF DELEGATED AUTHORITY.........69-78
CONTROLLING JURISDICTION: SUBSTANTIVE ULTRA VIRES.........................70
CONTROLLING PROCEDURES: THE DUTY TO BE FAIR......................................71
Knight v Indian Head of School Division No.19 [1990]......................................71
Nature of the decision to be made by the administrative body
(a)Administrative vs. Legislative use of power
(b) Final decision maker
Relationship existing between that body and the individual
Effect of that decision on the individual's rights (privileges / interests)
Baker v Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) [1999].......................72
FACTORS AFFECTING THE CONTENT OF THE DUTY OF FAIRNESS....................72
The nature of the decision being made and the process followed in making it..................72
The nature of the statutory scheme and the terms of the statute pursuant to which the body operates..............................................................................................................................73
The importance of the decision to the individual(s) affected.............................................73
The legitimate expectations of the person challenging the decision..................................73
Take into account and respect the choices of procedure made by the agency itself..........73
LEGITIMATE EXPECTATIONS.........................................................................73
PATICIPATORY RIGHTS....................................................................................73
THE PROVISION OF REASONS.........................................................................74
Importance of giving reasons (Reference re Remuneration of Judges of the Provincial Court of Prince Edward Island, [1997] ).....................................................................................74
Concerns about giving reasons (Osmond).........................................................................74
REASONABLE APPREHENSION OF BIAS.......................................................75
Test for Reasonable Apprehension of Bias (Committee for Justice and Liberty v National Energy Board (1978))........................................................................................................75
CONTROLLING DISCRETON: BAD FAITH, IMPROPER PURPOSES, AND
IRRELEVANT CONSIDERATIONS...............................................................................75
Equity Waste Management of Canada Corp. v Halton Hills (Town) [1997].......76
Baker v Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) [1999].......................76
BASIC ARCHITECTURE, AND WORKINGS, OF THE CANADIAN
LEGAL SYSTEM (Ch.6)..............................................................................79-90
STRUCTURE OF THE CANADIAN COURT SYSTEM.......................79-80
CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF THE JUDICIARY........................................79
OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT CANADIAN COURT SYSTEM..............................80
Department of Justice of Canada, Canadian Court System (2005)....................................80
JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS.................................................................80-83
A RANGE OF MODELS................................................................................................80
US Department of Justice, State Court Organization 1998.............................................81
PROVINCIAL JUDICIAL APPOINTMENT PROCESS.............................................81
FEDERAL JUDICIAL APPOINTMENT PROCESS.....................................................81
Non-Supreme Court of Canada Appointment.....................................................................81
Overview.................................................................................................................81
Office of the Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs, Federal Judicial Appointments Process: Guide for Candidates (2005) ...............................................................................81
Criticisms of the Non-Supreme Court Federal Appointment Process....................81
Standing Committee on Justice, Human Rights, Public Safety, and Emergency Preparedness, Report 18 – Study on the Process for Appointment to the Federal Judiciary (Nov 2005)....82
Supreme Court Appointments..............................................................................................82
Minister of Justice, Proposal To Reform the Supreme Courts of Canada Appointment Process (2005).................................................................................................................................82
JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE...................................................................83-90
SOURCES AND SCOPE....................................................................................................83
Reference re Remuneration of Judges of the Provincial Court of Prince Edward Island et al. (the “Provincial Judges Reference”) [1997] ...................................84
ASSESSING INDEPENDENCE.......................................................................................85
DIMENSIONS AND CORE CHARACTERISTICS........................................................85
Security of Tenure...............................................................................................................85
Canadian Judicial Council, About the CJC (2006)................................................................85
Report of the Canadian Judicial Council to the Minister of Justice Under Section 63(1) of the Judges Act Concerning the Conduct of Mr. Justice Jean Bienvenue of the Superior Court of Quebec in R v T Theberge (1996)........................................................................................86
Financial Security................................................................................................................86
Reference re Remuneration of Judges of the Provincial Court of Prince Edward Island et al. (the “Provincial Judges Reference”) [1997].......................................86
Provincial Court Judges’ Assn. of New Brunswick v New Brunswick (Minister of Justice); Ontario Judges’ Assn. v Ontario (Management Board); Bodner v Alberta; Conference des juges du Quebec v Quebec (Attorney General); Minc v Quebec (Attorney General) [2005] ......................................................................................88
Administrative Independence................................................................................................89
Canada (Minister Citizenship and Immigration) v Tobiass [1997]........................89
PART III: INTERPLAY BETWEEN THE COURTS AND THE POLITICAL BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT ............91-185
BASIC ARCHITECTURE, AND WORKINGS, OF THE CANADIAN
LEGAL SYSTEM (Ch.7)..............................................................................91-109
OVERVIEW OF STATUTORY INTERPRETATION...........................92-94
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................94
SOURCE OF INTERPRETATION LAW.....................................................................92
Interpretation Acts...........................................................................................................92
Interpretation Rules in Acts and Regulations..................................................................93
Common Law Rules.........................................................................................................93
Ruth Sullivan, Sullivan and Driedger on the Construction of Statutes (2002).................93
RANGE OF INTERPRETATION ISSUES..................................................................94
Table 1: Issues Arising in Statutory Interpretation..........................................................94
AN OVERVIEW OF THE RULES OF STATUTORY INTERPRETATION..................................................................................95-101
RULES ABOUT MEANING.......................................................................................95
Ordinary meaning rule......................................................................................95
Technical meaning rule.....................................................................................95
Shared meaning rule..........................................................................................95
Original meaning rule.......................................................................................95
Plausible meaning rule......................................................................................95
Re Witts and Attorney General for British Columbia [1982] ........................95
PRESUMPTIONS RELIED ON TO ANALYZE THE MEANING OF A TEXT....96
Straightforward expression..............................................................................96
Uniform expression..........................................................................................96
No tautology/no redundancy (“the legislature does not legislate in vain”)......96
Internal coherence............................................................................................96
Implied exclusion.............................................................................................96
Associated words .............................................................................................96
Limited class.....................................................................................................96
The legislature would have said “x”.................................................................96
R v Daoust [2004]...........................................................................................97
PURPOSE AND SCHEME ANALYSIS.....................................................................98
Legislative purpose............................................................................................98
Interpretation Acts.............................................................................................98
Legislative scheme............................................................................................98
R v Chartrand [1994] ......................................................................................98
MISTAKE AND GAPS IN THE LEGISLATIVE SCHEME .................................100
Corrigible mistakes.........................................................................................100
Incorrigible gaps.............................................................................................100
Supplementing legislation by reliance on common law or civil law..............100
PRESUMPTIONS OF LEGISLAITVE INTENT ...................................................100
AVOIDING ABSURDITY ........................................................................................101
RELATION TO OTHER LEGISLATIVE AND OTHER SOURCES OF LAW ....101
EXTRINSIC AIDS.....................................................................................................101
SOME ILLUSTRATIONS.......................................................................101-109
R v McIntosh [1995] .....................................................................................................101
Re Rizzo and Rizzo Shoes Ltd. [1998]..........................................................................104
Medovarski v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) [2005] ................107
Canada (Attorney General) v Mossop [1993] .............................................................108
BASIC ARCHITECTURE, AND WORKINGS, OF THE CANADIAN
LEGAL SYSTEM (Ch.8) ............................................................................110-132
THE ROLE OF CONSTITUTIONAL JUDICIAL REVIEW IN A DEMOCRATIVE SOCIETY....................................................................110-120
THE JUSTIFICATION FOR CONSTITUTIONAL JUDICIAL REVIEW.................110
Marbury v Madision [1803] ................................................................................110
THE LIMITATIONS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW...........................................................112
The Issue of Justiciability ...............................................................................................112
Operation Dismantle v The Queen [1985] ........................................................113
The Issue of Enforcement.................................................................................................113
Doucet-Boudreau v Nova Scotia (Minister of Education) [2003] ...................113
Reference re Language Rights Under Section 23 of Manitoba Act 1870 and Section 133 of Constitution Act 1867 [1985] ...............................................................115
The Issue of Legitimacy.................................................................................................115
Vriend v Alberta [1998] ....................................................................................115
Remarks of the Right Honourable Beverly McLachlin PC Respecting Democratic
Roles (2004) .................................................................................................................119
Reference re Remuneration of Judges of the Provincial Court of Prince Edward
[1997] ...............................................................................................................119
DIFFERENT SORTS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW OF LEGISLATIVE ACTION.................................................................................................120-126
UNWRITTEN CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES ....................................................121
Bell Canada v Canadian Telephone Employees Association [2003] ...............121
THE CONSTITUTION ACT, 1867...............................................................................123
Qu-Appelle Indian Residential School Council v Canada (Canadian Human Rights Tribunal) [1988]..................................................................................................123
THE CANADIAN CHARTER OF RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS................................124
Canada (Human Rights Commission) v Taylor [1990] ...................................124
JUDICIAL REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION...............126-132
STANDARDS OF REVIEW...........................................................................................127
Dr Q v College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia [2003] ........127
Dunsmuir v New Brunswick (2008)...................................................................127
Reasonableness standard..........................................................................129
Correctness standard.................................................................................129
THE STANDARD OF REVIEW IN OPERATION .....................................................130
MacLean v Canada (Human Rights Commission) [2003] ...............................131
Quigley v Ocean Construction Supplies Ltd. [2004] ........................................131
RELATIONSHIP OF ABORIGINAL PEOPLES TO THE
CANADIAN STATE: SELECTED TOPICS...........................................133-185
Aboriginal Peoples and Treaty Rights s.91(2), s.25, s.35...............133-143
FEDERAL LEGISLATIVE POWER.............................................................................133
Section 91(24)......................................................................................................133
Indians.................................................................................................................133
s.25......................................................................................................................133
s.35......................................................................................................................133
s.88 Indian Act ...................................................................................................133
Lands Reserved for Indians ...............................................................................134
Canadian Bill of Rights......................................................................................134
R v Drybones (1969) .............................................................................134
Charter of Rights................................................................................................134
Corbiere .................................................................................................134
Treaties ..............................................................................................................134
PROVINCIAL LEGISLATIVE POWER ....................................................................134
Application of provincial laws...........................................................................134
R v Hill (1907) ......................................................................................134
R v Francis (1988) ...............................................................................134
Singling out........................................................................................................135
Indianess.............................................................................................................135
Paul v BC (2003)....................................................................................135
Paramountcy.......................................................................................................135
Natural Resources Agreements..........................................................................135
s.35.....................................................................................................................135
SECTION 88 OF INDIAN ACT ..................................................................................135
Text of s.88.........................................................................................................135
Laws of General Application ............................................................................135
Dick v The Queen [1985] .....................................................................135
Paramountcy Exception ....................................................................................136
Treaty Exception ...............................................................................................136
NATURAL RESOURCES AGREEMENTS...............................................................136
ABORIGINAL RIGHTS ..............................................................................................136
Recognition of aboriginal rights........................................................................136
*Guerin v The Queen [1984].................................................................136
R v Sparrow [1990]................................................................................136
Definition of aboriginal rights...........................................................................136
R v Van der Peet (1996)........................................................................137
R v Gladstone (1996) ............................................................................137
Mitchell v Minister of National Revenue (2001) ................................137
R v Sappier (2006) ................................................................................137
R v Powley (2003) ..........................................................................137
Aboriginal self-government.........................................................................137
R v Pamajewon (1996)....................................................................137
Aboriginal Title ...........................................................................................138
Delgamuuk v British Columbia [1997] .........................................138
Extinguishment of Aboriginal Rights...........................................................138
TREATY RIGHTS ................................................................................................138
Introduction ................................................................................................138
History ........................................................................................................138
Definition of treaty......................................................................................138
Simon v The Queen (1985).............................................................138
Nowegijick v The Queen (1983) .....................................................138
Interpretation of Treating Rights ................................................................139
Marshall 3 (2005) ...........................................................................139
R v Morris (2006) ............................................................................139
Extinguishment of rights...............................................................................139
THE NEED FOR CONSTITUIONAL PROTECTION ........................................139
SECTION 35............................................................................................................139
Text of s.35...................................................................................................139
Outside Charter of Rights ...........................................................................139
“Aboriginal peoples of Canada”.................................................................140
R v Powley [2003]............................................................................140
“Aboriginal and Treaty Rights” ..................................................................140
“Existing”.....................................................................................................140
R v Sparrow (1990)..........................................................................140
“Recognized and Affirmed”.........................................................................140
Sparrow.............................................................................................140
R v Gladstone (1996).......................................................................141
Application to Treaty Rights.........................................................................141
R v Badger [1996] ............................................................................141
*R v Marshall [1999] .......................................................................141
Application to Extinguishment .....................................................................141
Sparrow ............................................................................................141
Application to Provincial Laws.....................................................................141
R v Badger [1996] ............................................................................142
Duty to consult aboriginal people.................................................................142
Haida Nation v BC (2004)...............................................................142
SECTION 25.............................................................................................................142
Corbiere v Canada (1999) ............................................................................142
SECTION 35.1 CONSTITUION ............................................................................142
ADDITIONAL CASES FOR SECTION 5: INDEX
Aboriginal Rights...................................................................................144-148
R v Sparrow [1990].....................................................................................144
R v Van der Peet (1996...............................................................................144
R v Sappier (2006) .....................................................................................144
R v Gray [2006]...........................................................................................145
R v Powley [2003] ......................................................................................145
Haida Nation v British Columbia (Minister of Forests) [2004].......................146
Taku River Tlingit First Columbia (Project Assessment Director) [2004]........147
Aboriginal Title........................................................................................148-
Delgamuukw v British Columbia [1997] ..........................................................148
Tsilhqot'in Nation v British Columbia [2007......................................................149
Aboriginal Title.......................................................................................150-165
Nature of Aboriginal Title..........................................................150
Test for Aboriginal Title.............................................................158
Infringement of Aboriginal Title............................................................165-169
General Principles......................................................................165
Application................................................................................168
Justification of Infringement of Aboriginal Title...................................169-175
General Principles.....................................................................170
Compelling and Substantial Legislative Objective....................170
Honour of the Crown................................................................172
Duty to Consult.........................................................................173
Application...............................................................................175
Aboriginal Treaties..............................................................................178-185
R v Marshall [1999] ........................................................................................178
R v Bernard [2005] ..........................................................................................178