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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
INDEX
THE CRIMINAL CHARGE............................................1-10
Laying the Charge ............................................................................................1-5
LAYING CHARGES..........................................................................................................1-2
Definition of Information.....................................................................................................1
Relevant CC sections...........................................................................................................1
s.504 CC ..................................................................................................................1
s.507 CC ..................................................................................................................1
Process..................................................................................................................................1
THE CHARGE DOCUMENT ...........................................................................................2-3
Informations, Indictments, and Direct Indictments..............................................................2
Direct indictments....................................................................................................2
JURISDICTION..................................................................................................................3-5
Jurisdiction to Prosecute........................................................................................................3
Public Prosecutions....................................................................................................3
Private Prosecutions...................................................................................................3
Charter (and jurisdiction) .............................................................................4
R v Cook (1998).............................................................................................4
R v Hape (2007).............................................................................................4
R v Bigelow (1982).........................................................................................4
The Significance of the Charge.......................................................................5-6
R v G.R. (2005) S.C.J. No.45..................................................................................................5
The Validity of the Charge..............................................................................6-11
JOINDER AND SECERENCE OF CHARGES .................................................................6
JOINDER AND SEVERANCE OF ACCUSED..................................................................6
CONTENT OF CHARGES ..................................................................................................6
s.581(3) CC.............................................................................................................................6
“surplusage rule” ....................................................................................................................6
R v N.C. (1991).......................................................................................................................7
R v Saunders (1990)...............................................................................................................7
Vezina.....................................................................................................................................7
REMEDIES FOR A DEFECTIVE CHARGE ...................................................................7-10
Potential Remedies...................................................................................................................7
3 possibilities arising out of an error in an indictment................................................7
R v Moore (1988) 1 S.C.R............................................................................................8
R v Tremblay (1993) 2 S.C.R.......................................................................................8
Insufficient Charges..................................................................................................................8
s.581 CC .......................................................................................................................8
Brodie test .....................................................................................................................8
Time ..............................................................................................................................9
R v Henyu (1980)..........................................................................................................9
Wis Development (1984) ..............................................................................................9
Duplicitous Charges...................................................................................................................9
Duplicitous count...........................................................................................................9
Sault Ste. Marie ............................................................................................................9
THE ADVERSARIAL PROCEEDING ..............................11-28
The Adversarial Process ....................................................................................11-
PLEAS ................................................................................................................11
s.606 CC .......................................................................................................................11
Plea of guilty.................................................................................................................11
Plea of not guilty...........................................................................................................11
No plea..........................................................................................................................11
Guilty with an explanation............................................................................................11
Withdrawing a guilty plea ............................................................................................11
Accused to be Present....................................................................................................11
ORDER OF TRIAL............................................................................................12
Trial Procedures.......................................................................................................................12
Opening Statements..................................................................................................................12
Presentation of the Crown Case................................................................................................12
Presentation of the Defence Case.............................................................................................12
Application for a Directed Verdict...............................................................................12
Defence Presentation of Evidence................................................................................13
Reopening the Crown’s Case...................................................................................................13
Rebuttal Evidence.....................................................................................................................14
Addresses to the Jury................................................................................................................14
Closing arguments by Counsel....................................................................................14
Charging the Jury........................................................................................................15
Re-charging the Jury...................................................................................................15
The Adversarial Process ..................................................................................15-28
The Presumption of Innocence and the Ultimate Standard of Proof.......................................15
R v Lifchus (1997).......................................................................................................15
R v S.(J.H.) (2008).......................................................................................................16
R v Dinardo (2008)......................................................................................................17
Other Burdens..........................................................................................................................17
R v Arcuri (2001) .......................................................................................................18
R v Cinous (2002).......................................................................................................18
R v Fontaine (2004) ...................................................................................................19
Presumptions....................................................................................................20
R v Oakes (1986).........................................................................................................20
R v Boucher (2005) ....................................................................................................21
The Neutral Impartial Trier.....................................................................................................22
POWERS OF THE COURT ..................................................................................................23
Control over the Court process.................................................................................................23
Judge’s powers in court................................................................................................23
Publication Bans.......................................................................................................................23
Common law publication bans.....................................................................................24
Dagenais v CBC (1994) TEST
R v Mentuck (2001) TEST
Dagenais/Mentuck TEST
Contempt of Court...................................................................................................................24
Mistrials...................................................................................................................................24
R v Gunning [2005]....................................................................................................25
R v Hamilton [2004] ..................................................................................................26
The Role of the Prosecutor (Crown)......................................................................................26
R v Cook (1997) ........................................................................................................27
R v Proulx (2001) ......................................................................................................27
Krieger v Law Society of Alberta (2002) ..................................................................28
The Role of the Defence..........................................................................................................28
GETTING TO THE TRIAL: THE CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION .......................................................29-58
Police Powers...................................................................................................29-58
SOURCES OF POLICE POWER ...................................................................................29
Statute................................................................................................................................29
The primary source of police powers is the Criminal Code..................................29
Other non-Code statutes.........................................................................................30
Common Law.....................................................................................................................30
Historical Common Law Powers............................................................................30
The power of the police to search incident to an arrest..............................30
Cloutier v Langlois (1990).........................................................................30
R v Speid (1991).........................................................................................30
R v Caslake (1998) ....................................................................................30
R v Golden (2001) .....................................................................................31
To enter a private dwelling in “hot pursuit” of a person fleeing arrest.......31
Eccles v Bourque (1975) ...........................................................................31
R v Macooh (1993) ....................................................................................31
New Common Law Powers – the “Ancillary Powers” Doctrine............................31
TEST – Waterfield test (England)...............................................................31
“Default” Common Law Powers.............................................................................32
Consent................................................................................................................................32
R v Esposito (1985).................................................................................................32
Police lineups...........................................................................................................32
DNA samples ..........................................................................................................32
Consent issues .........................................................................................................32
Revoking consent ....................................................................................................33
R v Thomas (1993) ......................................................................................33
SEARCH AND SEIZURE ..................................................................................................33
Introduction...........................................................................................................................33
Baron v Canada (1993)............................................................................................33
Hunter v Southam (1984).........................................................................................33
What is a “Search”?...............................................................................................................33
Search.........................................................................................................................33
TEST .............................................................................................................33
Seizure........................................................................................................................34
TEST .............................................................................................................34
Evidence “seized” vs Evidence “found”....................................................................34
R v Stillman (1997) ...................................................................................................34
R v Nguyen (2002) ....................................................................................................34
Searches With a Warrant ........................................................................................................34
Searching Places: s.487CC.........................................................................................34
s.487 CC.........................................................................................................34
s.487(1) ..........................................................................................................35
Search of the Person: DNA warrants.....................................................................................36
Other Statutory Search Warrant Provisions...........................................................................36
s.256 CC ....................................................................................................................36
s.492.2 CC .................................................................................................................36
s.492.2 CC .................................................................................................................36
Part IV CC .................................................................................................................36
s.117.04 CC ...............................................................................................................36
Reviewing Warrants...............................................................................................................37
Searches Without a Warrant...................................................................................................37
Reasonable Expectation of Privacy............................................................................37
Balancing interests..........................................................................................38
Reasonable expectation is not an all-or-nothing issue....................................38
Privacy interests alleged must be that of the accused.....................................38
Edwards-Edwards TEST.....................................................................38
Belnavis..............................................................................................38
R v Arp ................................................................................................39
Post facto nature of determinations.................................................................39
Are the Collins Criteria Met?.......................................................................................39
Is the search authorized by law?.......................................................................40
Authorization by Statute.......................................................................40
Authorization by Common Law............................................................40
Search incident to Arrest..........................................................40
Search During an Investigative Detention...............................40
Mann (2004) ...............................................................41
Exigent Circumstances.............................................................41
Authorization by Consent.....................................................................41
Borden......................................................................................42
Arp............................................................................................42
Is the Law Itself Reasonable?...........................................................................42
Is the Manner in Which the Search Is Carried Out Reasonable?......................43
Collins...................................................................................................43
R v Thompson.......................................................................................43
Variations on the Hunter v Southam Standard..........................................................................43
OTHER INVESTIGATIVE POWERS ...................................................................................43
Introduction................................................................................................................................43
General Warrants: Section 487.01CC........................................................................................43
R v Wong (1990) ...........................................................................................................44
Powers of Detention...................................................................................................................45
Definition of Detention (different from arrest)...............................................................45
Police questioning .........................................................................................45
H.(C.R.)..........................................................................................................45
Common Law Powers of Detention...........................................................................46
Introduction....................................................................................................46
Dedmad...........................................................................................................46
Ladouceur......................................................................................................46
Wilson (1990).................................................................................................46
Calderon (2004).............................................................................................46
Investigative Detention...............................................................................................47
Mann..............................................................................................................47
R v Suberu (2007) .........................................................................................47
Police Roadblocks......................................................................................................48
Clayton...........................................................................................................48
Mann vs Clayton Chart..................................................................................48
R v Grant [2009] ............................................................................................48
R v Suberu [2009] .........................................................................................56
The Ability to Break the Law: Section 25.1...........................................................................58
GETTING TO THE TRIAL: TAKING CONTROL OVER THE ACCUSED..................................................................59-66
Securing Jurisdiction over the Accused and Interim Release...............59-66
Jurisdiction over the Accused ................................................................................................59
Jurisdiction in Time................................................................................................................59
ARREST .................................................................................................................................60
Introduction..............................................................................................................................60
Arrest With a Warrant..............................................................................................................60
R v Gamracy......................................................................................................................60
Arrest Without a Warrant ........................................................................................................60
s.494(1)
s.494(2)
s.495(1)
Section 494 Arrest Powers............................................................................................61
Section 495 Arrest Powers............................................................................................61
Other Criminal Code Arrest Powers ............................................................................61
Supporting Powers ...................................................................................................................61
s.25(1) CC
s.26 CC
s.28(1) CC
s.28(2) CC
Right Arising on Arrest............................................................................................................62
Statutory Protections arising on arrest.........................................................................62
Charter Rights Arising on Arrest.................................................................................62
Informational Duties........................................................................................62
Implementational Duties..................................................................................62
COMPELLING APPEARANCE ............................................................................................64
Compelling Appearance Pre-charge..........................................................................................64
Compelling Appearance Post-charge........................................................................................64
JUDICIAL INTERIM RELEASE (BAIL) .............................................................................65
R v Hall (2002).............................................................................................................65
GETTING READY FOR TRIAL.......................................67-83
Disclosure.............................................................................................................67-75
R v Stinchcombe (1991) ........................................................................................................67
R v McNeil [2009] .................................................................................................................68
DISCLOSURE .................................................................................................70
R v Stinchcombe (1991) ........................................................................................................70
R v Taillerfer (2003) ..............................................................................................................70
CONTENT OF THE RIGHT TO DISCLOSURE................................................................71
Creation of the Right: R v Stinchcombe..................................................................................71
Structure of the Right..............................................................................................................71
Remedy for Breach of What Right: Disclosure or Full Answer and Defence?......................72
The Original Position: Remedy for Non-disclosure....................................................72
Carosella (1997) ........................................................................................................72
The Later Position: Remedy for Failure of Full Answer and Defence...................................72
La (1997).....................................................................................................................72
Dixon (1998) ..............................................................................................................73
Taillefer......................................................................................................................73
Dixon’s THREE-PART TEST....................................................................................74
Conflicting Protections: Disclosure and Privileged Information............................................74
Informer Privilege.......................................................................................................74
Solicitor-Client Privilege............................................................................................74
Counselling Records...................................................................................................75
Preliminary Inquiries....................................................................................75-78
Introduction.......................................................................................................................75
Jurisdiction........................................................................................................................76
Commencement.....................................................................................................76
Scope.....................................................................................................................76
Multiple Accused and Multiple Counts................................................................76
Presence of the Accused........................................................................................76
Constitutional Issues..............................................................................................77
Evidence.............................................................................................................................77
Admissibility..........................................................................................................77
Cross-examination of Prosecution Witnesses........................................................77
Address to the Accused..........................................................................................77
Defence Evidence...................................................................................................77
Publication Bans.....................................................................................................77
Committal...........................................................................................................................78
Review of Preliminary Inquiry Decisions..........................................................................78
The Jury Trial.........................................................................................79-81
Statutory Overview of Procedure from Charging Decision to Trial
(selecting mode of trial) ..................................................................................................79
JURY SELECTION .......................................................................................................79
Introduction......................................................................................................................79
Provincial Legislation Jury Selection Procedures – Creating the Jury Array..................79
Disqualifications .................................................................................................79
Criminal Code Jury Selection Procedures – Choosing the Jury from the Jury Array......80
Mechanics of Selecting Jurors.............................................................................80
Exemptions..........................................................................................................80
Challenges for Cause...........................................................................................80
Interest prejudice ....................................................................................80
Specific prejudice ...................................................................................80
Generic prejudice ...................................................................................80
Conformity prejudice .............................................................................80
Williams ..................................................................................................80
R v Wilson ...............................................................................................80
R v Koh ....................................................................................................81
R v Find....................................................................................................81
R v Pizzacalla ..........................................................................................81
Pre-Trial Motions...............................................................................................81-83
PRE-TRIAL MOTIONS AND CONFERENCES ..............................................................81
Timing and Means.................................................................................................................81
Particular Pre-trial Motions...................................................................................................81
Change of Venue.......................................................................................................82
Fitness to Stand Trial.................................................................................................82
Charter Motions.........................................................................................................82
Trial Within a Reasonable Time....................................................................82
Rahey ............................................................................................................82
R v Askov ......................................................................................................82
Morin ............................................................................................................82
THE TRIAL VERDICT .............................................84-
Jury Trials....................................................................................................84-85
JURY DELIBERATIONS ..........................................................................................84
Jury Sequestration.........................................................................................................84
Exhorting the Jury.........................................................................................................84
Rendering a Verdict......................................................................................................84
Jury Secrecy..................................................................................................................84
Judicial Verdicts..........................................................................................85-85
Duty to Give Reasons.....................................................................................................85
Double Jeopardy and Issue Estoppel........................................................85-
R v Mahalingan (2008)....................................................................................................85
SENTENCING.......................................................86-104
General Principles of Sentencing............................................................86-104
s.718 ...............................................................................................................................86
s.718.01 ..........................................................................................................................86
s. 718.1 ...........................................................................................................................86
s.718.2 ............................................................................................................................86
s.718.3 ............................................................................................................................86
s.719 ...............................................................................................................................86
Sentencing Definitions...................................................................................................87
Suspended sentence
Criminal record
Consecutive sentence
Concurrent sentence
"mitigated"
Cumulative sentence
Examples of Factors to Consider in Sentencing..........................................................88
R v Sweeney (1992)..........................................................................................................88
Factors to consider............................................................................................................88
The Principles of Sentencing............................................................................................89
General deterrence................................................................................................89
Specific deterrence................................................................................................89
Isolation.................................................................................................................89
Rehabilitation........................................................................................................89
Denunciation.........................................................................................................89
Just Deserts............................................................................................................89
Canada ‘jails’ too much.........................................................................................89
R v C.A.M. (1996).............................................................................................................90
R v Priest (1996)...............................................................................................................91
Prevalence of the Crime.....................................................................................................91
Youthful First Offender......................................................................................................91
Proportionality....................................................................................................................92
The Role of the Courts........................................................................................................92
R v Boucher (2004) ...........................................................................................................92
Tools of Sentencing..........................................................................................................94-104
Procedure...............................................................................................................94
R v Bremner [2000] ..................................................................................94
R v Cromwell [2005] .................................................................................95
Incarceration..........................................................................................................96
Conditional Sentence of Imprisonment...................................................................96
R v Proulx (2000) .......................................................................................96
Probation and Community Service..........................................................................97
R v Sangster (1973).....................................................................................97
Probation possibilities..................................................................................98
R v Ziatas [1973].........................................................................................98
Fines........................................................................................................................99
Discharges...............................................................................................................99
R v Fallofield (1973)...............................................................................................99
Effect of a discharge................................................................................................100
What is the legal effect of a discharge?...................................................................100
Recognizance Orders...............................................................................................100
R v Budreo (2000) ...................................................................................................101
Restitution................................................................................................................101
Victim Surcharges...................................................................................................102
Sentencing Aboriginal Offenders............................................................................102
R v Gladue (1999)...................................................................................................102
s.712(e) CC Analysis...............................................................................................103
Punishment of Organizations..................................................................................103
Parole......................................................................................................................103
R v Zinck (2003) ....................................................................................................104
APPEALS AND REVIEW.......................................105-113
Appeals of Final Decisions and Judicial Review of Interim
Decisions.................................................................................................105-113
APPEALS .................................................................................................................105
Introduction................................................................................................................105
Appeals of Indictable Offences..................................................................................105
Appeals by the Accused.................................................................................105
Overview of Appeal Provisions.....................................................................105
Appeal Provisions in Depth...........................................................................105
Standard of Review............................................................................105
Housen v Nikolaisen.............................................................105
Unreasonable Verdicts.......................................................................106
Errors of Law and Miscarriages of Justice.......................................106
The “Curative Proviso”....................................................................106
Procedural Irregularities..................................................................106
Appeals by the Crown...............................................................................................106
Other Appeal Related Issues.....................................................................................106
Statutory Powers on Appeal..........................................................................107
Fresh Evidence on Appeal.............................................................................107
APPEAL TO THE SUPREME COURT OF CANADA..........................................107
REVIEW OF PRELIMINARY INQUIRY DECISIONS ........................................107
JUDICIAL INTERIM RELEASE (Bail) – s.515 CC...............................................107
General approach taken toward bail...........................................................................107
Delay...........................................................................................................................108
Procedure....................................................................................................................108
Conditions of Release.................................................................................................108
Conditions on conditions............................................................................................108
Continued detention rather than bail...........................................................................108
Exceptions to the general approach.............................................................................109
Review (appeal) of release or detention......................................................................109
Principles of admissibility...........................................................................................109
If violating release conditions......................................................................................109
CLASSIFICATION OF OFFENCES.......................................................................110
Definitions...................................................................................................................110
Jurisdiction...................................................................................................................110
Offences triable only on indictment..........................................................................110
Indictable offences (treason, felonies, and misdemeanours).........................110
Exclusive jurisdiction of the superior court VS Absolute jurisdiction
of the Magistrate............................................................................................111
Summary conviction offences....................................................................................111
Punishment.....................................................................................................111
Crown election offences.............................................................................................111
EXCLUSION OF EVIDENCE OBTAINED CONTRARY TO THE CHARTER.......111
R v Buhay (2003) ...........................................................................................................112
Trial fairness........................................................................................................112
Seriousness of the Breach....................................................................................112
The Effect of Exclusion on the Reputation of the Administration of Justice......113
R v Duguay (1985)..........................................................................................................113
INDEX
THE CRIMINAL CHARGE............................................1-10
Laying the Charge ............................................................................................1-5
LAYING CHARGES..........................................................................................................1-2
Definition of Information.....................................................................................................1
Relevant CC sections...........................................................................................................1
s.504 CC ..................................................................................................................1
s.507 CC ..................................................................................................................1
Process..................................................................................................................................1
THE CHARGE DOCUMENT ...........................................................................................2-3
Informations, Indictments, and Direct Indictments..............................................................2
Direct indictments....................................................................................................2
JURISDICTION..................................................................................................................3-5
Jurisdiction to Prosecute........................................................................................................3
Public Prosecutions....................................................................................................3
Private Prosecutions...................................................................................................3
Charter (and jurisdiction) .............................................................................4
R v Cook (1998).............................................................................................4
R v Hape (2007).............................................................................................4
R v Bigelow (1982).........................................................................................4
The Significance of the Charge.......................................................................5-6
R v G.R. (2005) S.C.J. No.45..................................................................................................5
The Validity of the Charge..............................................................................6-11
JOINDER AND SECERENCE OF CHARGES .................................................................6
JOINDER AND SEVERANCE OF ACCUSED..................................................................6
CONTENT OF CHARGES ..................................................................................................6
s.581(3) CC.............................................................................................................................6
“surplusage rule” ....................................................................................................................6
R v N.C. (1991).......................................................................................................................7
R v Saunders (1990)...............................................................................................................7
Vezina.....................................................................................................................................7
REMEDIES FOR A DEFECTIVE CHARGE ...................................................................7-10
Potential Remedies...................................................................................................................7
3 possibilities arising out of an error in an indictment................................................7
R v Moore (1988) 1 S.C.R............................................................................................8
R v Tremblay (1993) 2 S.C.R.......................................................................................8
Insufficient Charges..................................................................................................................8
s.581 CC .......................................................................................................................8
Brodie test .....................................................................................................................8
Time ..............................................................................................................................9
R v Henyu (1980)..........................................................................................................9
Wis Development (1984) ..............................................................................................9
Duplicitous Charges...................................................................................................................9
Duplicitous count...........................................................................................................9
Sault Ste. Marie ............................................................................................................9
THE ADVERSARIAL PROCEEDING ..............................11-28
The Adversarial Process ....................................................................................11-
PLEAS ................................................................................................................11
s.606 CC .......................................................................................................................11
Plea of guilty.................................................................................................................11
Plea of not guilty...........................................................................................................11
No plea..........................................................................................................................11
Guilty with an explanation............................................................................................11
Withdrawing a guilty plea ............................................................................................11
Accused to be Present....................................................................................................11
ORDER OF TRIAL............................................................................................12
Trial Procedures.......................................................................................................................12
Opening Statements..................................................................................................................12
Presentation of the Crown Case................................................................................................12
Presentation of the Defence Case.............................................................................................12
Application for a Directed Verdict...............................................................................12
Defence Presentation of Evidence................................................................................13
Reopening the Crown’s Case...................................................................................................13
Rebuttal Evidence.....................................................................................................................14
Addresses to the Jury................................................................................................................14
Closing arguments by Counsel....................................................................................14
Charging the Jury........................................................................................................15
Re-charging the Jury...................................................................................................15
The Adversarial Process ..................................................................................15-28
The Presumption of Innocence and the Ultimate Standard of Proof.......................................15
R v Lifchus (1997).......................................................................................................15
R v S.(J.H.) (2008).......................................................................................................16
R v Dinardo (2008)......................................................................................................17
Other Burdens..........................................................................................................................17
R v Arcuri (2001) .......................................................................................................18
R v Cinous (2002).......................................................................................................18
R v Fontaine (2004) ...................................................................................................19
Presumptions....................................................................................................20
R v Oakes (1986).........................................................................................................20
R v Boucher (2005) ....................................................................................................21
The Neutral Impartial Trier.....................................................................................................22
POWERS OF THE COURT ..................................................................................................23
Control over the Court process.................................................................................................23
Judge’s powers in court................................................................................................23
Publication Bans.......................................................................................................................23
Common law publication bans.....................................................................................24
Dagenais v CBC (1994) TEST
R v Mentuck (2001) TEST
Dagenais/Mentuck TEST
Contempt of Court...................................................................................................................24
Mistrials...................................................................................................................................24
R v Gunning [2005]....................................................................................................25
R v Hamilton [2004] ..................................................................................................26
The Role of the Prosecutor (Crown)......................................................................................26
R v Cook (1997) ........................................................................................................27
R v Proulx (2001) ......................................................................................................27
Krieger v Law Society of Alberta (2002) ..................................................................28
The Role of the Defence..........................................................................................................28
GETTING TO THE TRIAL: THE CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION .......................................................29-58
Police Powers...................................................................................................29-58
SOURCES OF POLICE POWER ...................................................................................29
Statute................................................................................................................................29
The primary source of police powers is the Criminal Code..................................29
Other non-Code statutes.........................................................................................30
Common Law.....................................................................................................................30
Historical Common Law Powers............................................................................30
The power of the police to search incident to an arrest..............................30
Cloutier v Langlois (1990).........................................................................30
R v Speid (1991).........................................................................................30
R v Caslake (1998) ....................................................................................30
R v Golden (2001) .....................................................................................31
To enter a private dwelling in “hot pursuit” of a person fleeing arrest.......31
Eccles v Bourque (1975) ...........................................................................31
R v Macooh (1993) ....................................................................................31
New Common Law Powers – the “Ancillary Powers” Doctrine............................31
TEST – Waterfield test (England)...............................................................31
“Default” Common Law Powers.............................................................................32
Consent................................................................................................................................32
R v Esposito (1985).................................................................................................32
Police lineups...........................................................................................................32
DNA samples ..........................................................................................................32
Consent issues .........................................................................................................32
Revoking consent ....................................................................................................33
R v Thomas (1993) ......................................................................................33
SEARCH AND SEIZURE ..................................................................................................33
Introduction...........................................................................................................................33
Baron v Canada (1993)............................................................................................33
Hunter v Southam (1984).........................................................................................33
What is a “Search”?...............................................................................................................33
Search.........................................................................................................................33
TEST .............................................................................................................33
Seizure........................................................................................................................34
TEST .............................................................................................................34
Evidence “seized” vs Evidence “found”....................................................................34
R v Stillman (1997) ...................................................................................................34
R v Nguyen (2002) ....................................................................................................34
Searches With a Warrant ........................................................................................................34
Searching Places: s.487CC.........................................................................................34
s.487 CC.........................................................................................................34
s.487(1) ..........................................................................................................35
Search of the Person: DNA warrants.....................................................................................36
Other Statutory Search Warrant Provisions...........................................................................36
s.256 CC ....................................................................................................................36
s.492.2 CC .................................................................................................................36
s.492.2 CC .................................................................................................................36
Part IV CC .................................................................................................................36
s.117.04 CC ...............................................................................................................36
Reviewing Warrants...............................................................................................................37
Searches Without a Warrant...................................................................................................37
Reasonable Expectation of Privacy............................................................................37
Balancing interests..........................................................................................38
Reasonable expectation is not an all-or-nothing issue....................................38
Privacy interests alleged must be that of the accused.....................................38
Edwards-Edwards TEST.....................................................................38
Belnavis..............................................................................................38
R v Arp ................................................................................................39
Post facto nature of determinations.................................................................39
Are the Collins Criteria Met?.......................................................................................39
Is the search authorized by law?.......................................................................40
Authorization by Statute.......................................................................40
Authorization by Common Law............................................................40
Search incident to Arrest..........................................................40
Search During an Investigative Detention...............................40
Mann (2004) ...............................................................41
Exigent Circumstances.............................................................41
Authorization by Consent.....................................................................41
Borden......................................................................................42
Arp............................................................................................42
Is the Law Itself Reasonable?...........................................................................42
Is the Manner in Which the Search Is Carried Out Reasonable?......................43
Collins...................................................................................................43
R v Thompson.......................................................................................43
Variations on the Hunter v Southam Standard..........................................................................43
OTHER INVESTIGATIVE POWERS ...................................................................................43
Introduction................................................................................................................................43
General Warrants: Section 487.01CC........................................................................................43
R v Wong (1990) ...........................................................................................................44
Powers of Detention...................................................................................................................45
Definition of Detention (different from arrest)...............................................................45
Police questioning .........................................................................................45
H.(C.R.)..........................................................................................................45
Common Law Powers of Detention...........................................................................46
Introduction....................................................................................................46
Dedmad...........................................................................................................46
Ladouceur......................................................................................................46
Wilson (1990).................................................................................................46
Calderon (2004).............................................................................................46
Investigative Detention...............................................................................................47
Mann..............................................................................................................47
R v Suberu (2007) .........................................................................................47
Police Roadblocks......................................................................................................48
Clayton...........................................................................................................48
Mann vs Clayton Chart..................................................................................48
R v Grant [2009] ............................................................................................48
R v Suberu [2009] .........................................................................................56
The Ability to Break the Law: Section 25.1...........................................................................58
GETTING TO THE TRIAL: TAKING CONTROL OVER THE ACCUSED..................................................................59-66
Securing Jurisdiction over the Accused and Interim Release...............59-66
Jurisdiction over the Accused ................................................................................................59
Jurisdiction in Time................................................................................................................59
ARREST .................................................................................................................................60
Introduction..............................................................................................................................60
Arrest With a Warrant..............................................................................................................60
R v Gamracy......................................................................................................................60
Arrest Without a Warrant ........................................................................................................60
s.494(1)
s.494(2)
s.495(1)
Section 494 Arrest Powers............................................................................................61
Section 495 Arrest Powers............................................................................................61
Other Criminal Code Arrest Powers ............................................................................61
Supporting Powers ...................................................................................................................61
s.25(1) CC
s.26 CC
s.28(1) CC
s.28(2) CC
Right Arising on Arrest............................................................................................................62
Statutory Protections arising on arrest.........................................................................62
Charter Rights Arising on Arrest.................................................................................62
Informational Duties........................................................................................62
Implementational Duties..................................................................................62
COMPELLING APPEARANCE ............................................................................................64
Compelling Appearance Pre-charge..........................................................................................64
Compelling Appearance Post-charge........................................................................................64
JUDICIAL INTERIM RELEASE (BAIL) .............................................................................65
R v Hall (2002).............................................................................................................65
GETTING READY FOR TRIAL.......................................67-83
Disclosure.............................................................................................................67-75
R v Stinchcombe (1991) ........................................................................................................67
R v McNeil [2009] .................................................................................................................68
DISCLOSURE .................................................................................................70
R v Stinchcombe (1991) ........................................................................................................70
R v Taillerfer (2003) ..............................................................................................................70
CONTENT OF THE RIGHT TO DISCLOSURE................................................................71
Creation of the Right: R v Stinchcombe..................................................................................71
Structure of the Right..............................................................................................................71
Remedy for Breach of What Right: Disclosure or Full Answer and Defence?......................72
The Original Position: Remedy for Non-disclosure....................................................72
Carosella (1997) ........................................................................................................72
The Later Position: Remedy for Failure of Full Answer and Defence...................................72
La (1997).....................................................................................................................72
Dixon (1998) ..............................................................................................................73
Taillefer......................................................................................................................73
Dixon’s THREE-PART TEST....................................................................................74
Conflicting Protections: Disclosure and Privileged Information............................................74
Informer Privilege.......................................................................................................74
Solicitor-Client Privilege............................................................................................74
Counselling Records...................................................................................................75
Preliminary Inquiries....................................................................................75-78
Introduction.......................................................................................................................75
Jurisdiction........................................................................................................................76
Commencement.....................................................................................................76
Scope.....................................................................................................................76
Multiple Accused and Multiple Counts................................................................76
Presence of the Accused........................................................................................76
Constitutional Issues..............................................................................................77
Evidence.............................................................................................................................77
Admissibility..........................................................................................................77
Cross-examination of Prosecution Witnesses........................................................77
Address to the Accused..........................................................................................77
Defence Evidence...................................................................................................77
Publication Bans.....................................................................................................77
Committal...........................................................................................................................78
Review of Preliminary Inquiry Decisions..........................................................................78
The Jury Trial.........................................................................................79-81
Statutory Overview of Procedure from Charging Decision to Trial
(selecting mode of trial) ..................................................................................................79
JURY SELECTION .......................................................................................................79
Introduction......................................................................................................................79
Provincial Legislation Jury Selection Procedures – Creating the Jury Array..................79
Disqualifications .................................................................................................79
Criminal Code Jury Selection Procedures – Choosing the Jury from the Jury Array......80
Mechanics of Selecting Jurors.............................................................................80
Exemptions..........................................................................................................80
Challenges for Cause...........................................................................................80
Interest prejudice ....................................................................................80
Specific prejudice ...................................................................................80
Generic prejudice ...................................................................................80
Conformity prejudice .............................................................................80
Williams ..................................................................................................80
R v Wilson ...............................................................................................80
R v Koh ....................................................................................................81
R v Find....................................................................................................81
R v Pizzacalla ..........................................................................................81
Pre-Trial Motions...............................................................................................81-83
PRE-TRIAL MOTIONS AND CONFERENCES ..............................................................81
Timing and Means.................................................................................................................81
Particular Pre-trial Motions...................................................................................................81
Change of Venue.......................................................................................................82
Fitness to Stand Trial.................................................................................................82
Charter Motions.........................................................................................................82
Trial Within a Reasonable Time....................................................................82
Rahey ............................................................................................................82
R v Askov ......................................................................................................82
Morin ............................................................................................................82
THE TRIAL VERDICT .............................................84-
Jury Trials....................................................................................................84-85
JURY DELIBERATIONS ..........................................................................................84
Jury Sequestration.........................................................................................................84
Exhorting the Jury.........................................................................................................84
Rendering a Verdict......................................................................................................84
Jury Secrecy..................................................................................................................84
Judicial Verdicts..........................................................................................85-85
Duty to Give Reasons.....................................................................................................85
Double Jeopardy and Issue Estoppel........................................................85-
R v Mahalingan (2008)....................................................................................................85
SENTENCING.......................................................86-104
General Principles of Sentencing............................................................86-104
s.718 ...............................................................................................................................86
s.718.01 ..........................................................................................................................86
s. 718.1 ...........................................................................................................................86
s.718.2 ............................................................................................................................86
s.718.3 ............................................................................................................................86
s.719 ...............................................................................................................................86
Sentencing Definitions...................................................................................................87
Suspended sentence
Criminal record
Consecutive sentence
Concurrent sentence
"mitigated"
Cumulative sentence
Examples of Factors to Consider in Sentencing..........................................................88
R v Sweeney (1992)..........................................................................................................88
Factors to consider............................................................................................................88
The Principles of Sentencing............................................................................................89
General deterrence................................................................................................89
Specific deterrence................................................................................................89
Isolation.................................................................................................................89
Rehabilitation........................................................................................................89
Denunciation.........................................................................................................89
Just Deserts............................................................................................................89
Canada ‘jails’ too much.........................................................................................89
R v C.A.M. (1996).............................................................................................................90
R v Priest (1996)...............................................................................................................91
Prevalence of the Crime.....................................................................................................91
Youthful First Offender......................................................................................................91
Proportionality....................................................................................................................92
The Role of the Courts........................................................................................................92
R v Boucher (2004) ...........................................................................................................92
Tools of Sentencing..........................................................................................................94-104
Procedure...............................................................................................................94
R v Bremner [2000] ..................................................................................94
R v Cromwell [2005] .................................................................................95
Incarceration..........................................................................................................96
Conditional Sentence of Imprisonment...................................................................96
R v Proulx (2000) .......................................................................................96
Probation and Community Service..........................................................................97
R v Sangster (1973).....................................................................................97
Probation possibilities..................................................................................98
R v Ziatas [1973].........................................................................................98
Fines........................................................................................................................99
Discharges...............................................................................................................99
R v Fallofield (1973)...............................................................................................99
Effect of a discharge................................................................................................100
What is the legal effect of a discharge?...................................................................100
Recognizance Orders...............................................................................................100
R v Budreo (2000) ...................................................................................................101
Restitution................................................................................................................101
Victim Surcharges...................................................................................................102
Sentencing Aboriginal Offenders............................................................................102
R v Gladue (1999)...................................................................................................102
s.712(e) CC Analysis...............................................................................................103
Punishment of Organizations..................................................................................103
Parole......................................................................................................................103
R v Zinck (2003) ....................................................................................................104
APPEALS AND REVIEW.......................................105-113
Appeals of Final Decisions and Judicial Review of Interim
Decisions.................................................................................................105-113
APPEALS .................................................................................................................105
Introduction................................................................................................................105
Appeals of Indictable Offences..................................................................................105
Appeals by the Accused.................................................................................105
Overview of Appeal Provisions.....................................................................105
Appeal Provisions in Depth...........................................................................105
Standard of Review............................................................................105
Housen v Nikolaisen.............................................................105
Unreasonable Verdicts.......................................................................106
Errors of Law and Miscarriages of Justice.......................................106
The “Curative Proviso”....................................................................106
Procedural Irregularities..................................................................106
Appeals by the Crown...............................................................................................106
Other Appeal Related Issues.....................................................................................106
Statutory Powers on Appeal..........................................................................107
Fresh Evidence on Appeal.............................................................................107
APPEAL TO THE SUPREME COURT OF CANADA..........................................107
REVIEW OF PRELIMINARY INQUIRY DECISIONS ........................................107
JUDICIAL INTERIM RELEASE (Bail) – s.515 CC...............................................107
General approach taken toward bail...........................................................................107
Delay...........................................................................................................................108
Procedure....................................................................................................................108
Conditions of Release.................................................................................................108
Conditions on conditions............................................................................................108
Continued detention rather than bail...........................................................................108
Exceptions to the general approach.............................................................................109
Review (appeal) of release or detention......................................................................109
Principles of admissibility...........................................................................................109
If violating release conditions......................................................................................109
CLASSIFICATION OF OFFENCES.......................................................................110
Definitions...................................................................................................................110
Jurisdiction...................................................................................................................110
Offences triable only on indictment..........................................................................110
Indictable offences (treason, felonies, and misdemeanours).........................110
Exclusive jurisdiction of the superior court VS Absolute jurisdiction
of the Magistrate............................................................................................111
Summary conviction offences....................................................................................111
Punishment.....................................................................................................111
Crown election offences.............................................................................................111
EXCLUSION OF EVIDENCE OBTAINED CONTRARY TO THE CHARTER.......111
R v Buhay (2003) ...........................................................................................................112
Trial fairness........................................................................................................112
Seriousness of the Breach....................................................................................112
The Effect of Exclusion on the Reputation of the Administration of Justice......113
R v Duguay (1985)..........................................................................................................113